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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three developmental domains?
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1. Physical: nutrition, motor skills
2. Cognitive/Intellectual: books 3. Social-Emotional: parenting styles |
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Critical issues in Child Development-Influences
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1. Maturation
2. Environment: such as toxins during pregnancy 3. Socialization:Process by which children learn social roles 4. Learning: changes that occur as the result of observation/experience |
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Nurture
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The Wild Boy of Aveyron
Was captured by hunters and placed in a hospital. Under Victor (physician)'s influence, he learned basic human things (dressing and writting) but never learned to speak. Experiment was stopped because he was still severely retarded. |
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Nature
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Brandi Bender
Had severe epilepsy-removed right cortex of her brain & lost motor control of left side of body. Over 7 years her brain re-routed her motor skills and she learned to do things regardless. However, she never gained control of her left arm. Shows that the brain can compensate for severe damage. |
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Monozygotic Twins
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IDENTICAL twins. THey share one egg.
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Dizygotic Twins
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fraternal twins. From two seperate eggs and two seperate sperm cells.
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Continuity vs. Discontinuity
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Continous= development is continuous and gradual changes. (Language)
Discontinuous= abrupt and mad eup of qualitative stages/changes (crawling-walking) |
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Critical vs. Sensitive periods
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Critical= periods of time during which a stimulus/event has to occur in order to impact development
Sensitive= optimal times (but not necessary) for developement of certain behaviors |
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Individual Differences in Development
Stability & Change |
Universal Characteristics develop in similar ways in all humans
but their are also vast individual differences between children |
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Historical Roots of Child Development
Philosophical = challenged that children were 'mini adults' |
John Locke= Nurture. proposed child is like a blank slate and experiences write their life story
Jean Jaques= Nature. "father of permissive parenting". Thought children should naturally unfold and emphasized innate ability. |
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Historical Roots of Child Development
Evolution |
Charles Darwin= evolution and natural selection
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Historical Roots of Child Development
Scientific Method |
G. Stanley Hall**
was the pinoeer in the study of development. Defined 'adolescence' as seperate. Did questionnaires with kids, saw parents keeping diaries |
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Children of Antiquity
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- children viewed as helpless/nieve and incapable of caring for themselves
- Heavy emphasis on discipline - Environment seen as critical |
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Midieval Children
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- Children viewed as mini adults
- Life was harsh; children died early - Child labor was a necessity - High infant mortality |
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Contemporary Influences on Study of Child Development (5)
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1. Changes in Family Structure
2. Children of same-sex parents 3. Ethnic and Racial Diversity 4. Poverty 5. Transactional Model of Development |
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Changes in Family Structure
-Nuclear Family -Blended Family -Extended Family |
Nuclear= biological mother, father and children (tranditional family)
Blended= when a widowed/divorced person remarries Extended= one or more parents, kids and other relatives living in one household |
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Ethnic & Racial Diversity
-Race -Ethnicity -Multiracial |
Race= genetic composition
Ethnicity= cultural heritage Multiracial= 1 or more races |
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Transactional Model of Development
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Development results from the continuous and dynamic interplay between the diverse qualities that individuals bring to their environments that individuals experience.
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Scientific Theories
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-Help us to understand/give structure
- Good theories are testable, falsifiable, imperially (observationally) based |
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Biology-based theories of Child Development
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1. Evolutionary Theory (darwin)
2. Ethological Theory= causes and adaptive value of behavior -Bowlby's attachment theory: children become attached to their caregivers 3. Neurodevelopmental= brain |
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Psychodynamic Theories of Child Development
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Freud= psychosexual
Erikson= psychosocial |
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Freud's psychosexual theory
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- subconscious mind drives behavior
- Fixation stages based on sexual impulses - ID (pleasure) -EGO (Negociator) -SUPEREGO (Morality/perfection) |
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Erikson
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believed that children go through a series of 8 "psychosocial crises" in which two conflicting personality characteristics
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Classical Conditioning
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Watson
-Realized that conditioned responses to previously neutral stimuli could be taught -Principles discovered accidentally by Pavlov in dogs and later extended by Watson to infants -Emphasized on raising an emotionally independent child -Classical conditioning – type of learning that results from repeated pairing of 2 stimuli Little Albert experiment |
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Operant Conditioning
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Focuses on how the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
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Reinforcement
Punishment |
Reinforcement= increases the probability a behavior will be repeated
Punishment= decreases the probability a behavior will be repeated |
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Positive
Negative |
Positive= application of a consequence
Negative= removal of a negative condition |
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Extinction
Shaping |
Extinction= ignoring negative behaviors (when kids shout answers). When positives are withheld.
Shaping= Little praises to get better; intrinsic motivation |
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Social Learning
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Bandura
- people are influenced by others - much of learning occurs through 1. vicarious reinforcement: kids less likely to do what others get made fun of for 2. Modelling 3. Limitation -emphasizes social variables |
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Cognition-based theories of child development
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1. Piaget's cognitive development theory
2. vigotsky's theory moral development 3. information processing |
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Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development
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1) sensorimotor= no object permanence
2) Preoperational= Egocentric 3) Concrete Operational 4) Formal Operational |
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Schemes
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-“Blueprints” for processing information
-Infants use schemes based on their senses -Children use schemes based on appearance -Adults use abstract schemes |
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Adaptation
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The way in which we adjust those schemes to maintain our sense of equilibrium (i.e. infants grasp around finger vs. bottle)
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Assimilation
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Sliding the scheme to fit the new information (s – slide new info. into old format)
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Accommodation
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Changing the scheme to fit the new information (c – change current thought pattern to include new info.)
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Equilibrium
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The ideal state – a balance between assimilation & accommodation
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Disequilibrium
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Discomfort/Reshaping of information
Habituation and dishabituation (i.e. apartment & train situation) |
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Disequilibrium
Habituation Dishabituation |
Habituation: the decrease in a response to an unchanging stimulus
Dishabituation: the recovery of attention to the novel stimulus |
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Vigotsky's Major Themes
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MKO: More knowledgeable other
Anyone who has a better understanding or higher ability level than the learner (coach, teacher) ZPD: Zone of Proximal development The distance between a student's ability to perform a task under adult guidance |
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Information Processing Theory
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People have a limited capacity for learning, but can flexibly apply strategies to get around limitation
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Brontenbrenner's Ecological Theory
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Outlines interplay between child and environments
Multiple interacting systems influence development |
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Microsystem
Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem |
immediate environment
connections among settings systems indirectly affecting the child larger society values, historical changes and social policies |
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Dynamic Systems Theories
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Dvelopment occurs within systems
Systems show self-organization have control parameters naturally develop complexity from more basic and simple forms have rate-limiting components |
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Chromosomes
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-we have 46, 23 pairs
- 22 autosomes/body - 1 sex chromosome |
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Regulator Genes
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Internal Pieces
Range of rxn= limiting; physical result |
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Passive Gene-environment correlations
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absorption, child influenced by things their parents enjoy doing
ex: reading, athletics |
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Evocative G. E.
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Child evokes in us "give & take"
ex: smile, they smile back |
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Active G.E.
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Parts of our personalities we can't change; tendencies from when you were a child
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Birth Defects/ Special needs
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- 5% of kids born with birth defects
- most women will have a miscarriage if the baby has a birth defect |
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Down Syndrome
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- 21st chromosome, 47 chromosomes total
- has extra genetic info - older pregnancies prone because eggs disentegrate over time - flatter face, wider eyes |
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Turner Syndrome
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GIRLS
-missing X -lack ovaries, male atributes/characteristics |
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Trisomy X-syndrome
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GIRLS
- XXX - normal phenotype, quite/passive |
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Kleinfelter's Syndrome
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BOYS
-XXY -sterile, lack body & facial hair |
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XXY Syndrome
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BOYS
-XYY - lower IQ, severe acne, poor coordination, extreme height |
