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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What takes place in the Pre Verbal stage? |
Crying, cooing and babbling |
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What does a child do in the holophrastic stage? |
Conveys a whole sentence worth of meaning in one word to be interpreted by the caregiver. |
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What ages does the holphrastic stage take place? |
12-18 months |
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What word class is usually spoke on the holophrastic stage? |
Concrete nouns. |
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What is less vital in the two word stage? |
Non-Verbal communication |
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What do children begin to understand in the two word stage?
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Grammar |
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What age does the two word stage occur in? |
18-24 months |
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What do children tend to omit but keep in the telegraphic stage? |
Keep content words but omit grammatical words |
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What can children's speech be likened to in the telegraphic stage? |
A telegram. |
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What age does the telegraphic stage occur in? |
24-36 months |
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What can a child's speech be likened to in the Post-Telegraphic stage? |
An adults |
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What do children include in the post telegraphic stage? |
More subtle nuances of language like contracted forms, verb inflections and pronoun function. |
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What ages do the post telegraphic stage occur at? |
36+ |
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What year did Skinner propose his theory? |
1957 |
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What did Skinner propose language is a result of? |
Conditioning rather than a freedom of choice. |
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What did Skinner say that children learnt through? |
Operant conditioning, spontantous behviour which the consequences of which will effect behaviour. |
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What may a caregiver do to encourage a child according to Skinner? |
Positive Reinforcement |
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What might a caregiver do to discourage a child according to Skinner? |
Negative Reinforcement |
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What are some issues with Skinner's theory? |
Parents are more likely to respond to the truth of a statement rather than grammatical accuracy. Children do not repeat completely gramatically correct sentences that they hear, suggesting language is built up. |
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Who proposed a theory to challenge Skinner's behaviourist theory? |
Noam Chomsky |
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What did Chomsky propose that people learn via? |
The Language Acquisition Device (LAD) |
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What did Chomsky's theory go against? |
The traditional view of the brain being a blank canvas. (TABULA RASA) |
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What did Chomsky propose the brain had the ability to do? |
A pre-programmed ability to learn language and acquire grammar and syntax. |
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What evidence is there to support Chomsky's LAD? |
That children globally learn language at a similar rate via universal grammar, the fact that language worldwide have similarities in their grammatical structure. |
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What is a piece of evidence to support the LAD? |
The idea of virtuous errors, where children make errors which grammatically make sense, but are incorrect, which they are unlikely to have heard from an adult. |
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What is a main piece of evidence common evidence for rejecting the LAD? |
As it does not take into consideration the role of the caregiver. Evidence suggests that children who lack an exposure to language lack in their language acquisition. |
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What is a key study for rejecting the LAD? |
The discovery of feral child genie who found that after multiple attempts she could not acquire language. This led to LENNEBURG, devising the critical period. |
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What did Piaget mainly concentrate on? |
Cognitive Development |
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What did Piaget's stages of cognitive development suggest? |
That a child must have a conceptual understanding to be present before their language can reflect this. For example; Use of comparative adjectives (Small, Smaller and Smallest) requires an understanding of the concept of size. |
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Name Piaget's four stages of cognitive development and the years at which they occur. |
Sensorimotor (0-2), Pre-Operational (2-6/7), Concrete Operational (6/7-11/12) and Formal Operational (11-16+) |
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What does a child do at the sensorimotor stage? |
Interact with their environment, remains egocentric and begins to understand object permanence. |
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What occurs at the pre-operational stage? |
Children struggle to understand the world from other's perspective. They remain egocentric and begin to question & understand. |
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What occurs at the concrete operational stage? |
Children stop being egocentric and begin to understand the world from other's points of view. |
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What occurs at the formal operational stage? |
There is no longer a problem with logical thought and thinking becomes increasingly abstract? |
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What did Jerome Bruner propose? |
The Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) |
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What did the LASS refer to? |
The caregivers and other important participants in a child's life. |
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What did Skinner propose the LASS does? |
The ways in which caregivers question, encourage and support the child through scaffolding for children to develop their speech.. |
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What did the LASS propose, unlike Skinner? |
That learning is done though input to facilitate learning rather than through imitation. |