Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Scientific study of human development
|
The science that seeks to understand the ways in which people change and remain the same as they grow older.
|
|
linear change
|
a process in which a change occurs in a gradual,regular,predictable sequence.
|
|
dynamic systems
|
a process of continual change within a persons or group, in which each change is connected systematically to every other development in each individual and every society
|
|
butterfly effect
|
the idea that a small action or event (such as the breeze created by the flap of a butterfly wings) may set off a series of changes that culminate in a major event (such as a hurricane).
|
|
life-span perspective
|
a view of human development that takes into account all phases of life not just childhood or adulthood.
|
|
multidirectional
|
a characteristic of development, referring to its nonlinear progression-gains and losses, compensation and deficits, predictable and unexpected change.
|
|
multicontextual
|
a char. of development referring to the fact that each human life takes place within a number of contexts-historical, cultural, and socioeconomic.
|
|
mulitcultural
|
a char. of devel. which takes place within many cultural settings worldwide and thus reflects a multitude of values, traditions, and tools for living.
|
|
multidisciplinary
|
a characteristic of development encompassing the idea that dozens of academic disciplines contribute data and insight to the science of development.
|
|
plastic
|
a characteristic of development that indicates that individuals-including their personalities as well as their bodies and minds-change throughout the life span.
|
|
biosocial domain
|
the realm of the brain and body as well as changes in our biological selves and in the social influences that direct our physical growth.
|
|
cognitive domain
|
our thought processes, perceptual abilities, and language mastery, as well as the educational instit.. that encourage our intellectual growth.
|
|
psychosocial domain
|
our emotions, personality, and interpersonal relationships with family, friends, and the wider community.
|
|
cohort
|
a group of people whose shared birth year, or decade means that they travel through life together experiencing the same historical changes.
|
|
social construction
|
an idea that is built more on shared perceptions of social order than on objective reality.
|
|
culture
|
the specific manifestations of a social groups design for living, developed over the years to provide a social structure for the group members life together
|
|
socioeconomic status (SES)
|
an indicator of a persons social and economic standing, measured through comb. of family income, education level, place of residence,occupation, and other variables.
|
|
poverty line
|
the min. annual income a family needs to pay for basic necessities.
|
|
ethnic group
|
a collection of people who share certain attributes most always including ancestral heritage and often including national origin,religion,customs and language
|
|
race
|
socially constructed by which biological traits are used to differentiate people whose ancestors come from various regions of the world
|
|
scientific method
|
an approach to the systematic pursuit of knowledge. Involves 5 basic steps
1. Formulate a question 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4 Draw a conclusion 5. Make finds available |
|
hypothesis
|
a specific prediction that is stated in such a way that it can be tested and either confirmed or refuted
|
|
replication
|
the repetition of scientific study, using the same procedures on another group of subjects, to verify or refute the original studies conclusion
|
|
scientific observation
|
a method of testing hypotheses by unobtrusively watching and recording subjects' behavior either in a laboratory or in a natural setting
|
|
variables
|
the qualities that may differ or vary during scientific investigation
|
|
correlation
|
a number indicating the degree of relationship between two variables.
|
|
experiment
|
a research method to try to untangle the cause from the effect
|
|
independent variable
|
in an experiment, the variable that is introduced or changed to see what effect it has on the dependent variable
|
|
dependent variable
|
in an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of the intro. or changes made in the independent variable.
|
|
experimental group
|
the subjects given treatment
|
|
comparison group
|
the subjects not given treatment, but are similar to the experiment group
|
|
survey
|
research method-info. is collected from large group of people by personal interview,questionnaire,or other.
|
|
case study
|
a research method in which one individual is studied intensively
|
|
cross-sectional research
|
groups of people who differ in age but share other important char. are compared
|
|
longitudinal research
|
same individuals are studied over a long period of time
|
|
cross-sequential research
|
hybrid research method, researchers first study several groups of people of different ages and then follow those groups over years
|
|
code of ethics
|
a set of moral principals that is formally adopted by a group or organization.
|
|
developmental theory
|
a systematic statement of principals and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for studying and explaining development
|
|
grand theories
|
comprehensive theories that have traditionally inspired and directed thinking about development.
|
|
mini theories
|
theories that focus on some specific areas of development but are less general and comprehensive than the grand theories
|
|
emergent theories
|
recently formulated theories that bring together information from many mini theories but that have not yet cohered into theories that are comprehensive and systematic
|
|
psychoanalytic theory
|
a grand theory of human devel. that holds that irrational,unconscious drives and motives, many of which originate in childhood,underlie human behavior
|
|
behaviorism
|
a grand theory that focuses on the sequences and process by which behavior is learned
|
|
conditioning
|
according to behaviorism, any process in which a behavior is learned.
|
|
classical conditioning
|
the process by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus so that the organism responds to the former stimulus as if it were the latter
|
|
operant condition
|
the process by which a response is gradually learned via reinforcement or punishment
|
|
reinforcement
|
the process by which a behavior is followed by results that make it more likely that the behavior will be repeated.
|
|
social learning theory
|
an application of behaviorism that emphasizes that many human behaviors are learned through observation and limitation of other people
|
|
modeling
|
in social learning theory, the process in which people observe and then copy the behavior of others.
|
|
self-efficacy
|
in social learning theory, the belief that one is effective; self-efficacy motivates people to change themselves and their contexts
|
|
cognitive theory
|
a grand theory of human development that focuses on the structure and devl. of thinking, which shapes peoples attitudes,beliefs and behaviors
|
|
cognitive equilibrium
|
the state of mental balance that enables a person to reconcile new experienced with existing understanding
|
|
sociocultural theory
|
an emergent theory that holds that human development results from the dynamic interaction between person and the surrounding culture, including all the social forces, near and distant, that affects that person
|
|
apprenticeship in thinking
|
in sociocultural theory, the process by which novices develop cognitive competencies through interaction with more skilled members of the society, often parents and teachers.
|
|
guided participation
|
in sociocultural theory, the process by which a skilled person helps a novice learn by providing not only instruction but also a direct, shared involvement in the learning process.
|
|
zone of proximal devel.
|
the range of skills that a learner can exercise and master with assistance but cannot yet perform independently. According to Vygotsky, learning can occur within this zone
|
|
epigenetic system theory
|
emphasizes the interaction of genes and environment.
|
|
selective adaption
|
the idea that humans and other animal gradually adjust to their environment, specifically the process by which the frequency of particular genetic traits in a pop. increases and other decrease over generations.
|
|
ethology
|
the study of pattern of animal behavior particularly as that behavior relates to evolutionary orgins and species survial
|
|
nature
|
term for the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception. Refering only to genes
|
|
nurture
|
term for the environmental influences that affect develop. after an individual is conceived. nurture includes prenatal environment as well as the ecosystem.
|
|
eclectic perspective
|
the approach taken by most develop-mentalist, in which they apply aspects of each of the various theories of devel. rather than adhering exclusively to one theory
|