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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Are fungi autotroph or heterotroph? |
Heterotroph
They break down complex food molecules. The fungi absorbs the remaining small compounds
(They do not do anything to produce Carbon or Energy)
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How do fungi eat? |
They feed by absorption.
(They break down complex food molecules. The fungi absorbs the remaining small compounds) |
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What do decomposer (saporobs) fungi do? |
break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material, such as fallen logs, animal corpses, and the wastes of living organisms. |
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What do parasitic funti do? |
Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts. Example: Athelete's foot |
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What do mutualistic fungi do? |
Mutualistic fungi also absorb nutrients from a host organism, but they reciprocate with actions that benefic the host.
Exp: lichen |
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yeasts.
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Unicellular (sometimes forms mycelium), perfect and imperfect Economic uses Candida can cause yeast infections in humans – thrush in babies, vaginal infections
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What are hyphae? |
The bodies of fungi typically form a network of tiny filaments, which are called hyphae. Penetrates organisms and or cell walls |
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What make up the cell wall of fungi? |
chitin. A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
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What is mycelium? |
Extensive hyphal growth •The mycelium is usually hidden in the soil, in wood, or another food source A single mycelium can cover 100s of acres of area with thousands of miles of hyphae!
p. 637 |
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Does the hyphae increase it's girth or length as it grows? |
length so that the overall absorptive surface area increases. |
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What is septa?
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crossing-walls that divide hyphae. (2 nuclei) |
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How do ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei flow from cell to cell? |
The septa have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell. |
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What are coenocytic fungi? |
Fungi that lack septa. They consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass having hundreds or thousands of nuclei. |
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What is haustoria? |
Specialized hyphae which the some fungi use to extract nutrients from -- or exchange nutrients with -- their hosts. The part in mutualistic fungi that exchange nutrients |
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What is a mycorrhizae? |
Fungi from all 3 main divisions that are mutualistic with vascular plants (Asto , Basidio, mercerize) Hyphae penetrate roots and sometimes even cells Aid plant in mineral uptake, receive organic molecules in return Some plants can not survive without mycorrhizae Mushrooms beneath trees are typically the fruiting bodies of mycorrhizae Ectomycorrhizae - Outside of roots Endo ... - Inside of roots |
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What are ectomycorrhizal fungi? |
Fungi that form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex. |
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What are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? |
Fungi which extend their branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination (pushing inward) of the root cell membrane. |
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TRUE OR FALSE: Most plants do not have nor need mycorrhizae. |
FALSE. Almost all vascular plants have mycorrhizae and rely on their fungal partners for essential nutrients. |
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What do most fungi use to reproduce? |
Sexually or Asexually Asexually by spores. If they land in a moist place where there is food, they germinate, producing new mycelia. |
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Are the nuclei of fungal hyphae and the spores of most fungal species diploid or haploid?
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haploid. Although many fungi have transient diploid stages that form during sexual life cycles. |
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What are pheromones?
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Sexual signaling molecules that are released by hyphae from two mycelia, which begins sexual reproduction. |
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What is plasmogamy?
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Through Plasmogomy (in the cytoplasm) the cells become Dikaryotic (2nuclei) The union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia. p.639 |
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What is a heterokaryon?
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"different nuclei". When parts of fused mycelium contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei. |
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What is a dikaryotic? |
When the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent. The mycelium is dikaryotic. As a dikaryotic mycelium grows, the two nuclei in each cell divide in tandem without fusing. |
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What is karyogamy? |
fusion of nuclei
During karyogamy, the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cells. |
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What are molds? |
Rapid growing, asexually reproducing, saprobes or parasites • Fungi imperfecti – No known sexual stage in life cycle – Penicillium has had economic importance as antibiotic source and in cheese making
p. 639 |
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Where did fungi evolve? |
Phylogenetic systematics suggests that fungi evolved from a flagellated ancestor. |
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What is unique to chytrids? |
zoospores. |
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Are chytrids decomposers, parasites, or mutualists?
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They can be either decomposers, parasites or mutualists. |
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What do chytrids form a paraphyletic group with?
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zygomycetes |
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zygomycetes are fast-growing ____, _______, and _______ _________. |
molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts. |
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What are zygomycetes named for?
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Their sexually produced zygosporangia. |
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Where are the septa found on zygomycetes?
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The hyphae are coenocytic, with septa found only where reproductive cells are formed. |
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What are zygosporangium? |
Plasmogamy produces a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium, in which karyogamy and then meiosis occur: Note that while a zygosporangium represents the zygote (2n) stage in the life cycle, it is not a zygote in the usual sense (that is, a cell with one diploid nucleus.) |
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Where do ascomycetes live? |
in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. |
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How can you tell if something is an ascomycete? |
The sexual spores are in a saclike asci, usually contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps.. |
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What are asci? |
Sexual spores of ascomycetes. |
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Why are ascomycetes commonly called sac fungi? |
Because they produce sac like sexual spores called asci. |
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What are ascocarps?
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The fruiting bodies of ascomycetes. |
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What are conidiophores? |
Conidia are formed by conidiophores, specialized hyphae at the externally at the tips (often in clusters or long chains, from which they may be dispersed by the wind.) |
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What type of fungi is neurospora? |
Ascomycetes |
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What type of fungi are mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi?
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basidiomycetes |
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What is another common name for basidiomycetes? |
club fungus because of the club-like shape of the basidium also gives rise to the name. |
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TRUE OR FALSE: The life cycle of a basidiomycete usually includes a long-lived dikaryotic mycelium. |
TRUE. |
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What are basidiocarps? |
The mycelium reproducecs sexually by producing elaborate fuiting bodies called basidiocarps. |
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What are basidiospores?
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Sexual spores that come from numerous basidia in a basidiocarp. |
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TRUE OR FALSE: Fungi can decompose cellulose and lignin of plant cell walls.
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TRUE. Without these decomposers, carbon, nitrogen, and other elements would remain tied up in organic matter. |
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What are endophytes? |
Fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm. |
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TRUE OR FALSE: Most endophytes identified to date are basidomycetes. |
FALSE. Most endophytes identified to date are ascomycetes. |
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TRUE OR FALSE: Some fungi share their digestive services with animals, helping break down plant material in the guts of cattle and other grazing mammals. |
TRUE. |
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What is a lichen? |
A symbiotic relationship of fungus and algae or cyanobacteria Both have chlorophyll
Generally ascomycetes, sometimes basidiomycetes
Mychrozizae |
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Who benefits in a lichen? |
Both benefit. In most lichens that have been studied, each partner provides something the other could not obtain on its own. |
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How do fungi of many lichens reproduce? |
Many lichens reproduce sexually by forming ascocarps or basidiocarps. |
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What are mycosis? |
A fungal infection that causes skin mycoses or systemic mycoses.. |
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What are some of the diverse lifestyles that fungi exhibit? list 3 |
Saprobes, parasites or mutualists |
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Fungi are closely related to ______ |
Animals because they both consist on Chitin Exp: Ants |
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Hyphae structure can either be ___? |
2 Nuclei per cell in septate because sometimes the mycelium becomes dikaryotic hyphae |
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Hyphae structure Paracitic or Mutualist |
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General Fungal Life Cycle |
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Life cycle of Zygomycota |
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species of Ascomycota |
Tuber gibbosum - Truffles Morchella - morels Gyromitra esculenta – False Morel Aleuria aurantia - Saporobes lives in decaying wood Sarcoscypha coccinea Urnula
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Life cycle of Basidiomycota |
No Asexual reproduction |
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Some Species of Basidiomycota Part 1 |
Agaricus sylvicola - Edible Mushrooms Agaricus campestris - Most realted to the ones we buy at the store Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric) - Toxic that causes Hallucination if large amount is eaten
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Penicillium |
Used to be part of imperfect |
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Foliose Lichen |
Can be mistaken for plant (Seen on oaks) |
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Crustose Lichens |
Crusty layer on rocks Very colorful
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Phylum of Fungi |
Kingdom Fungi – Phylum Zygomycota – Phylum Glomeromycota – Phylum Ascomycota – Fungi imperfecti |
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Agaricus sylvicola |
Basidiomycota – Club Fungi
Agaricus sylvicola - Edible Mushrooms
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Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric) |
Basidiomycota – Club Fungi
Toxic that causes Hallucination if large amount is eaten |
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Amanita virosa |
Basidiomycota – Club Fungi
(Destroying Angel) - Very Poisonous - The chemicals in it causes liver failure |
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imperfect fungi |
are fungi that do not have a sexual stage, they reproduce asexually.
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The fungi sexual life cycle involves? |
cell fusion-plasmogamy, nuclear fusion-karyogamy, and an intervening heterokarytoic stage |
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spores |
A haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces mycelium after germination. |
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Morchella - morels |
Ascomycota – Sac Fungi
Lives in the bottom of the tree |
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Aleuria aurantia |
Ascomycota – Sac Fungi
Saporobes lives in decaying wood |
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Tuber gibbosum - Truffles |
Ascomycota – Sac Fungi
Edible ( Considered a Delicacy in paris) |
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Some common names for Basidiomycota |
Mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts |
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What type of hyphae is in Basidiomycota |
Septatehyphae |
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Where are spores born in Basidiomycota |
Spores are borne in basidia on basidiocarp often on gills beneath the cap |
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What is the prominent, visible stage in the life cycle Basidiomycota |
Basidiocarps the dikaryotic fruiting body |
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What are some types of Basidiomycota fungi |
Mostly terrestrial, saprobes or plantparasites |
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What is another name for Basidiomycota |
Club Fungi |
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Ascomycota are also know as |
Sac Fungi |
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Where are Ascomycota found |
marine, freshwater,and terrestrial habitats |
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What ecological importance does Ascomycota have in the environment |
saprobes, plant pathogens, mutualists (lichens or mycorrhizae) - The truffles are the mycorrhizae |
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What type of Hyphae in Ascomycota |
Dikaryotic hyphae form ascocarps |
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Life cycle of Ascomycota |
Sexual spores borne in asci on ascocarps Asexual spores borne in “naked” groups on hyphae |
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Some Species of Basidiomycota Part 2 |
Amanita virosa (Destroying Angel) - Very Poisonous - The chemicals in it causes liver failure Hericium erinaceus (Coral Mushroom) - Edible Phallus raveneli - Looks like a penis |
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environmental characteristics of Zygomycota |
Mostly terrestrial, on soil or detritus
are named for their sexually produced zygosporangia
Exp: Rhizopus |
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Are Zygomycota parasitic or mutualist to the root of plant |
Mycorrhizae are mutualists on plant roots Coenocytic hyphae, except where reproductive cells are formed |
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What Phylum of fungi is extremely resistant to harsh environment ? |
Zygosporangia are extremely resistant to environmental conditions (this is why sometimes baked bread does not kill the molds in the bread) |
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What 2 Phylums are not considered monopheletic |
zygomycota (zygomycetes) and chytridiomycota (Chytrids) are not considered monopheletic |
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How is Fungi classified |
eukaryotic they have a nuclei & membrane-bound organelles |
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Reasons Fungi Are Different From Plants |
fungi lack chlorophyll fungi are not photosynthetic they never reproduce by seeds most fungi have cell walls made of chitin... Except molds •Plant cell walls are made of what? cellulose |
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What does the cell wall of molds made up of? |
molds have cell walls made of cellulose...like plants |
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Rhizoids |
hyphae of bread mold that digest bread |
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What two phylum have lichen |
ascomycetes, sometimes basidiomycetes |
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Deuteromycota |
Imperfect fungi cause most fungal diseases in humans EX: ringworm, athletes foot, thrush |
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What 2 types of fungi are mycorrhizae |
Ascomycota , Basidiomycota |
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How are mycorrhizae fed? |
Hyphae penetrate roots and sometimes even cells Aid plant in mineral uptake, receive organic molecules in return |
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Ectomycorrhizae |
Outside of roots |
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Endomycorrhizae |
Inside of roots |