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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cells need to absorb ________, exchange ________, and expel __________ waste. |
nutrients; gases; metabolic |
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Cells are connected with organs of exchange by |
Transport system |
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Instead of having a transport system, some organisms do circulation by ___________ from the ____________. |
Simple diffusion; external environment. |
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What are two animals that have engage in simple diffusion? |
Hydras, jellyfish |
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Animals engage in simple diffusion by coming into direct contact with the _____________ environment or the ____________ cavity. |
External; gastrovascular |
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What does the gastrovascular cavity do in simple diffusion? |
It functions in both digestion and circulation, and delivers nutrients and oxygen directly to the tissue cells by diffusion from the digestive cavity. |
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_____________ are thicker than 2 cells thick, but most of it's cells are not far from its GV cavity |
Flatworms |
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Larger animals have an internal transport system that functions using an internal _______________ system. |
pump (heart) and tube (transport) |
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Two kinds of circulatory systems: |
Open and closed |
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In _______ circulatory systems, circulating fluid not confined to system of tubes |
Open |
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In open circulatory systems, ____________ acts as the blood as well as interstitial fluid/ECM. |
hemolymph |
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In open circulatory systems, the fluid is moved by body movements and the contraction of what? |
The dorsal vessel (heart equivalent) |
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In open circulatory systems, the hemolymph fluid is pumped into body cavities to transfer __________ to the body, then return to the dorsal vessell |
nutrients |
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In the dorsal vessel of open circulatory systems, the ______ close when the heart pumps so as to keep the fluid from flowing back out. |
pores |
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In what type of circulatory system is the circulating fluid confined to vessels? |
Closed circulatory system |
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In closed circulatory systems, there is a distinction between blood and |
Interstitial fluid in tissues. |
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In closed circulatory systems, the heart pumps blood into |
large vessels. |
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In closed circulatory systems, large/major vessels _________ out into smaller vessels. |
branch |
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Closed circulatory systems: Where is it that chemicals are exchanged between the system's blood and interstitial fluid? |
Tissues and organs |
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All ___________ and annelids, as well as squid/octopus have closed circulatory systems. |
vertebrates |
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Vertebrates' circulatory system, or __________________, is made up of: |
Cardiovascular system; heart, vessels, blood. |
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The heart is a |
muscular pump that pushes blood through the body |
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The ___________ are a network of tubes through which the blood moves |
blood vessels |
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What circulates within the vessels of a cardiovascular system? |
blood |
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Blood moves through the cardiovascular system in a closed cycle: |
Heart-->arteries-->arterioles-->capillaries-->veins-->venules-->heart. |
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What carries blood away from the heart? |
Arteries |
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Arteries branch into ________ which branch into ______. |
arterioles; capillaries. |
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Capillaries are microscopically small, leaky tube beds that are the site of ___________. |
Exchange of gases and metabolites (glucose, vitamins, hormones) from blood with cells. |
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Capillaries form into ____________ which then become the larger veins. |
Venules |
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Veins carry blood... |
back to the heart. |
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Blood leaves the heart through a large artery, the |
Aorta |
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Capillary beds, depending on the ______________ of tissues, can be opened or closed. What controls the flow through capillaries (if open, flows into bed, if closed, skips through)? |
physiological needs; precapillary sphincters. |
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Arteries are made up of three layers: |
Outer layer (connective tissue), Middle layer (smooth muscle), Inner layer (simple squamous epithelium). |
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Arterioles are smaller to arteries in diameter and engage in muscle contractions called |
vasoconstriction and vasodialation |
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Vasoconstriction is |
constriction of the vessel's diameter by nerve stimulation, causing low blood flow. (cold, scared) |
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Vasodialation is |
relaxation of muscle layer of vessel, enlarging diameter and increasing blood flow. (overheated, embarrassed) |
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Capillaries permit exchange: oxygen and food molecules from blood to body's cells and waste __________ picked up. |
Carbon dioxide. |
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For exchange, capillaries are ________ and have _______ for transfer of gases and metabolites between blood and cells. |
narrow; thin walls |
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Almost all cells are no more than how far from a capillary? |
100 micrometers |
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How much of circulating blood is in capillaries at any moment? |
5% |
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Capillary vessels are thin, made only of _________ tissue layer. |
epithelial |
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Veins are composed of the same three layers: |
Outer (connective), middle (smooth muscle, inner (simple squamous epithelium) |
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Why is the pressure in veins lower than in arteries? |
The force of the heartbeat is lowered after the resistance and great cross-sectional area of the capillaries. |
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Because of the low pressure, the walls of the veins have a much ________ muscle layer. |
thinner |
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To avoid resistance to flow from the low pressure, skeletal muscles surrounding the veins |
contract, pushing the blood up |
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To avoid backflow in low pressure veins, ________ keep blood flowing in one direction |
valves |
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There are three parameters/factors for blood flow: |
Pressure, oxygenation, velocity |
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What is blood pressure? |
The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against a vessel wall |
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Blood pressure is ______ in arteries, ________ through capillaries, and ______________ in veins |
high; drops; stays low. |
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After passing though capillary bed in lung or gill, |
oxygenation is high. |
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What happens to blood flowing through lung capillaries?
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O2 is taken up and CO2 is given off. |
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The oxygenation is low after passing through |
Capillary bed in tissues and organs--O2 is given off and CO2 from tissues/cells is taken up. |
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O2, CO2 diffuse down a |
concentration gradient, O2 given off to cells to produce ATP, CO2 absorbed by blood. |
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Capillary wall is _____: materials/fluids may leave by crossing through epithelial cell layer |
"leaky" |
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Pores located |
Between cells or in plasma membrane of cells. |
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Direction of flow depends on balance between |
Blood/hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure (blood vs. interstitial fluid) |
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High blood pressure on arteriole side of capillary causes |
Net filtration of blood out of leaky capillary tubes |
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Most of leaked fluid returns to capillaries by: |
osmosis, causes net absorption of leaked fluid back on venule side of capillary bed. |
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Arteriole side: blood pressure 32 mm Hg -- osmotic pressure 10 mm Hg = |
= 10 mm Hg net pressure out, net filtration occurs at arteriole end of capillary. |
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Venule side: 15 mm Hg blood pressure -- 22 mm Hg osmotic pressure = |
= -7 mm Hg net pressure inwards, net absorption occurs at venous end of capillary. Still 3 mm Hg total result pressure out, fluid lost to lymphatic system (not on test). |
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How much fluid that leaves arteriole returns, and where? |
85%, at venule end. |
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Where does other 15% go? |
It enters lymph capillaries and eventually returned by lymphatic system. |
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Lymph vessels takes up excessive leaked fluid and prevents backflow with |
valves and skeletal muscle movements, like in veins. |
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The fluid, called lymph while in lymphatic system, reenters circulation system as blood in two locations: |
left and right shoulder. |
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If for some reason this reabsorption through lymph system doesn't work for circulatory system, what will happen? |
A swelling called "edema". |
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Fish circulatory system have a ___-chambered heart. |
two |
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In fish, one chamber atrium, other ventricle make up the heart. What do they do? |
Atrium receives the blood in, ventricle pumps the blood out. |
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What muscle contraction in fish helps keep blood moving? |
swimming. |
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Amphibians have a _____-chambered heart, made up of: |
three; 2 atria, one ventricle. |
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Amphibians: Double circulation occurs: the ventricle _______ blood through two circuits, atria _________ blood from two sides of the heart. |
pumps out; bring in. |
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The pulmocutaneous circuit goes from heart to the lungs/skin, back to the heart. Location-wise, it is the ________ circuit in the amphibian system. |
upper |
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The lower circuit in the amphibian system, the _______ circuit, goes from heart to the tissues/organs, back to the heart. |
systemic |
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After lungs, what happens to restore pressure in amphibian system? |
Blood pumped a second time. |
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In mammals and birds, there is a _____ chambered heart. |
four |
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Mammals & birds: In contrast to the amphibians....? |
There are two ventricles, so no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. |
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Mammals and Birds: Atria ______ blood, ventricles ________ blood. |
receive; pump out |
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Mammals & Birds: double circulation does what for blood in these systems? |
restores the pressure after blood passes through capillary beds, lowers pressure. |
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What is the pathway from r. atrium? |
r. atrium --> r. ventricle --> p. artery -->lung capillaries --> p. veins --> l. atrium --> l. ventricle --> aorta --> sys. art. --> sys. cap. --> sys. vein --> vena cava --> r. atrium. |
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What do you call the contraction of heart, when the blood is pumped from the heart? |
systole |
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What is diastole, when is fills with blood? |
relaxation of the heart |
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What prevents backflow of blood in the heart? |
valves |
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Atrioventricular valves are located |
between atrium and ventricle. |
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Valves located between ventricles and arteries exiting heart (aorta into pulmonary artery) are called |
semilunar valves |
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Heart sounds: what is "lub"? |
recoil against av valves as blood is pumped from heart, contraction. |
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Heart sounds: what is "dub"? |
recoil against SL valves as heart fills with blood, relaxation. |
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Cardiac output is the |
volume of blood pumped per minute by left ventricle |
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CO= |
heart rate x stroke volume |
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Heart rate is the |
beats per minute (pulse--stretching of arteries) |
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Stroke volume is the |
Volume of blood pumped by left ventricle per contraction. |
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cardiac output for men is about |
56 ml /min |
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Some cells in the heart are ______ |
self excitable |
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Sinoatrial node, or pacemaker that maintains heart's rhythm is located |
in Right Atrium. |
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Electrical impulse from SA cause |
the atria to contract |
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Between r. atrium and r. ventricle is |
atrioventricular node, delayed .1 s from SA. |
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Electrical currents can be detected at surfaced with |
EKG |
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Measuring blood pressure: how do you do it? |
attach EKG, raise cuff pressure to 150 and lower until sound is heard (systolic pressure), keep lowering until sound stops (diastolic pressure) around 75. |
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What is blood? |
connective tissue with cells suspended in liquid (cellular elements--45%, matrix-plasma--55%) |
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How much blood in average human? |
4-6 liters whole blood plasma. |
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Blood plasma is 90% composed of |
water |
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Blood plasma contains other than water |
electrolytes (maintain osmotic balance), plasma proteins (escort lipids, antibodies, etc.), serum (plasma w/o clotting factors), nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, hormones. |
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Cellular elements of blood include |
RBC (erthrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), and platelets. |
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RBC stats |
5-6 mil/ml blood, mammalian rbc lack nuclei, mitochondria, contain 250x10^6 molecules of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying). |
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What does WBC do? |
defense and immunity |
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cell fragments used in clotting |
platelets. |
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Death of heart muscle due to blockage of coronary arteries is commonly known as |
a Heart attack |
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Death of neural tissue in brain is commonly known as a |
stroke. |
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Strokes and heart attacks both |
caused by blockage by thrombus, embolus, or atherosclerosis. |
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Atherosclerosis is a |
disease in which plaque builds up in walls of arteries. |
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Disease in which plaques become hardened by calcium deposits |
Known as arteriosclerosis |
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Deposition of fats and cholesterol in plaque cause by |
LDL in blood |
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Hypertention, or high blood pressure, |
promotes atherosclerosis. |