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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The criminal justice system in the United States most closely resembles the inquisitorial system of justice used in France rather than the adversarial system of justice used in England.
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FALSE
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Early criminal justice policy (e.g. ancient times through much of the 13th century) was administered by:
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Individual victims and their families
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If an offender went on a crime spree and committed the following crimes in this order, unarmed robbery, kidnapping, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and a homicide, the UCR would count the following crime(s) in their statistics: (Hint: Hierarchy Rule)
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Homicide
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Deviance refers to human behaviors or actions that are considered by others to be wrong, bad, or inappropriate.
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TRUE
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Which of the following is not an example of informal social control?
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Arrest
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Burglary is classified as a violent crime
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TRUE
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This philosophical school of thought is based on the view that human behavior is influenced by conditions and situations external to individuals.
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Positivist School
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In this form of homicide, the death of a human being results from a "provoked" crime or one committed "in the heat of passion".
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Voluntary Manslaughter
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This form of homicide is commonly distinguished from others due to the fact that the mens rea of the perpetrator is considered "malice aforethought".
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First-Degree Homicide
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This form of homicide is often defined differently by jurisdiction but often is considered to be the unintentional killing of another human being in the course of extremely harmful conduct.
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Second-Degree Homicide
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In this form of homicide, the reckless behavior of an individual results in the unintentional killing of another.
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Involuntary Manslaughter
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In aggregate terms, this type of crime results in more societal harms than all other forms of crime:
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White Collar Crimes
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This type of crime is generally less serious and punishable by a fine or a jail sentence of less than one year.
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Misdemeanor
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This philosophical school of thought assumes that humans possess free will and that they always engage in behaviors based on rational thought.
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Classical School
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Human behaviors or actions that are considered to be evil in and of themselves are referred to as acts of:
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Mala in Se
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Most calls to police involve this primary police role:
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Order Maintenance
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This type of private policing involves a company/person hiring security forces from another company rather than employing their own security force:
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Contract
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The police is the only social institution that has a general mandate to use force for the common good.
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True
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What is the primary goal of both the Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Bureau of Investigation?
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Prevent a terrorist attack
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The professional era of policing was was abandoned primarily in favor of community-oriented policing.
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True
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Which federal agency listed below does NOT train its personnel at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC).
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Drug Enforcement Administration
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This model of policing is characterized by greater reliance on crime-prevention, proactive policing, increased public accountability, and a decentralization of command
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Community-Oriented Policing
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D.A.R.E. is an example of which primary role of the police?
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Service
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This is not one of the four main roles of police:
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Decision Making
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This group is referred to as the "gatekeepers" of the criminal justice system.
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Police
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The basic foundations for American law enforcement and criminal justice originated in:
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England
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Which of the following is NOT a function of detective work in large departments with specialized units?
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Patrolling
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Police recruits go through an extensive selection process. Which of the following steps is required more often than any other in a majority of police agencies in the United States?
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Psychological Evaluation
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In this type of patrol, officers make numerous stops and field interrogations, often for very minor offenses:
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Aggressive Patrol
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According to the text and class lecture, police officers are not likely to have a significant amount of job related stress
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False
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In responding to domestic violence situations, police officers often have a great deal of discretion. When officers choose to counsel parties involved in a domestic dispute in order to de-escalate a situation, it is referred to as this:
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Mediation
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This factor, which is one of many that may influence police officer discretion, is a reference to the wishes of the victim and whether he/she wants to press formal charges, handle the crime informally, or ignore the crime.
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Victim Preference
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Hispanics generally have less favorable perceptions of police than whites or blacks.
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False
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Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court decisions severely restricted the police use of deadly force?
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Tennessee v. Garner
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Which “I” of police selection involves resisting the temptation of corruption?
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Integrity
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When police officers make arrests for every violation of the law (no matter how minor or insignificant), it is referred to as this:
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Full Enforcement
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Determination of liability in civil court
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Preponderance of Evidence
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No action
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Mere Suspicion
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Claim of insanity in federal court
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Clear and Convincing Evidence
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For an officer to legally perform stop and frisk there must be...
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Reasonable Suspicion
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To result in search and/or arrest there must be...
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Probable Cause
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To determine guilt in criminal court this must exist..
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Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
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The 6th Amendment guarantees U.S. citizens protection from cruel and unusual punishments.
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False
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The 14th Amendment is intended to protect U.S. citizens from being deprived of their Constitutional due process rights by states or local governments.
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True
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Which amendment provides no compelled self-incrimination
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5th Amendment
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Which amendments grants assistance of counsel
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6th Amendment
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Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure
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4th Amendment
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Which amendment provides no excessive bail and fines?
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8th Amendment
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Stare Decisis refers to the process by which court decisions create precedent regarding how existing laws will be applied in future cases.
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True
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In order to be convicted in a criminal court of law, the prosecution must prove the defendant is guilty by the preponderance of evidence.
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False
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Which Constitutional Amendment provides U.S. citizens protections from unreasonable searches and seizures?
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4th Amendment
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This Constitutional Amendment grants U.S. citizens protection from Double Jeopardy.
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5th Amendment
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This is referred to as the deciding of a specific legal question based on previous case law decisions:
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Stare Decisis
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The 5th amendment guarantees all of the following procedural rights except:
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Confront opposing witnesses
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In order for a police officer to legally stop and frisk an individual, he or she needs which of the following as a minimum evidentiary standard.
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Reasonable Suspicion
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U.S. Law is derived primarily from which older legal form?
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English Law
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How many jurors need not agree in deliberations in order to have a hung jury?
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1
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The current Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court is:
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John Roberts
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This type of trial occurs when only the judge decides the outcome of the case.
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Bench
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A written order from the U.S. Supreme Court to a lower court to send the records of a case forward for review is called a(n):
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Writ of certiorari
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Most jurors are generally selected from this:
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Voter Registration Lists
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Created in 1968, this type of federal judge was formed in order to help ease the burden on the U.S. District Courts. These judges often hear misdemeanor, petty offense, and civil consent cases, as well as deal with preliminary hearings, pretrial motions, and the issuing of warrants for federal agencies.
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Federal Magistrate
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Generally, a presentence investigation report (PSI) is prepared by a:
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Probation Officer
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The removal of jurors from possible outside influences for the duration of the trial or deliberation is called:
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Sequestration
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Which of the following courts has both original and appellate jurisdiction.
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United States Supreme Court
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If the prosecutor decides not to prosecute a case, he/she enters a:
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Notation of Nolle Prosequi
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A defense attorney that is assigned to courtrooms, not clients, and provides counsel for indigent offenders is called a:
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Public Defender
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The dual court system means that in the U.S. there are separate courts for ___________ and ___________ cases.
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state; federal
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This is the process through which a petit jury is chosen from a larger group of potential jurors:
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Voir Dire
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Indigent defense systems were created to provide legal assistance for those who cannot afford their own attorney.
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True
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A majority of people on death row have been convicted of killing this type of victim.
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White
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Which of the following is not one of the top three states for total number of executions since 1976?
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California
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This is the most common method of execution currently in use in the United States
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Lethal Injection
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The process by which a juvenile is moved from the juvenile court system to the adult criminal court system is called:
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Waiver
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What region of the United States has the lowest rate of executions?
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Northeast
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Official legal complaints filed against individuals in juvenile court are referred to as petitions.
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True
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In this decision, the U.S. Supreme Court effectively limited capital punishment to offenders who are 18 years of age or older at the time of their offense(s) (in other words, this outlawed the execution of juvenile offenders).
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Roper v. Simmons (2005)
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This is the punishment/sentencing philosophy that focuses on preventing the population at large from committing crimes by making an example out of an offender.
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General Deterrence
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This is the type of sentence that most often occurs for convicted offenders who are not fit for traditional probation or incarceration:
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Intermediate sanctions
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In this type of determinate sentencing, judges retain some sentencing discretion, but legislatures or commissions determine the range of the sentence for different types of crimes.
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Presumptive Sentencing
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In this type of determinate sentencing, a certain amount of the sentence must be served before release (hint: offenders usually must serve 85% of their sentence before they can be released).
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Truth-in-Sentencing
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When a juvenile commits an act that would not be a crime if committed by an adult it is called a(n):
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Status Offense
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With the exception of this country, all major United States allies have abolished the death penalty?
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Japan
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This is commonly referred to as the first official prison in the United States:
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Walnut Street Prison
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The Pennsylvania system of penology involved keeping inmates isolated in solitary cells in order for them to study religion and work in solitude.
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True
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This type of institution involves having people work on farms, camps, ranches, or at vocational training centers rather than in the prison (hint: many European countries use these):
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Open Institution
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Prior to the 1600s, jails were primarily used for the following purposes except:
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Punishing lawbreakers
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A majority of prisoners in state facilities have been convicted of:
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Violent Offenses
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The average cost of incarceration per prisoner per year in the United States is roughly:
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$24,655
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According to the text, what was the name of the institution which abolished the rule of silence and utilized noncorporal methods of discipline that made use of rewards?
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Elmira Reformatory
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This prison gang originated as an urban street gang in Los Angeles in the 1950s:
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Mexican Mafia
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The Martinson Report provided justification for abandoning the philosophy of rehabilitation
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True
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A majority of prisoners in federal facilities have been convicted of:
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Drug-Related Offenses
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The only federal super-max prison in the United States is located in:
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Colorado (ADX Florence)
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What is the current era of punishment in America?
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Era of Retribution
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A majority of prison inmates are held in minimum to medium security prisons
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True
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Prior to premodern Western Societies and colonial America, imprisonment was primarily:
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Used for holding the offender until they were to be punished
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Returning to illegal activity after release from criminal justice supervision is called:
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Recidivism
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Approximately this fraction of inmates released from prisons are rearrested for a new offense within three years of their release:
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2/3
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This theory holds that the inmate society is shaped by factors external to the prison environment, including the pre-prison experiences and socialization patterns inmates bring with them when they enter prison:
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Importation
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In certain jurisdictions, prison inmates can retain their voting rights.
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True
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Which of the following prisons is not located in the state of California:
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Attica
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This United States Supreme Court decision held that prisoners have a first amendment right to the free exercise of religion (hint: this court case also stopped the “hands-off” doctrine):
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Cooper v. Pate (1964)
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Females often create pseudofamilies in prison to mimic their relationships outside of prison and to obtain more emotional and social support in prison.
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True
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The term STG refers to this:
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A prison gang
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The values, norms, and roles that regulate the way residents interact with each other and with staff are referred to as:
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The Convict Code
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La Nuestra Familia is the name given to the immediate family members of an inmate.
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False
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This United States Supreme Court decision held that jailhouse lawyers must be permitted to assist inmates in preparing cases unless the government provides a reasonable alternative:
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Johnson v. Avery (1969)
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Items used to break a rule of an institution or assist in an escape attempt are referred to as:
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Contraband
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Jailhouse lawyers are
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Inmates
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Alexander Maconochie’s “mark system” only lasted a few years because it _____________.
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was politically unpopular
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Which of the following is not a type of probation:
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Temporary Probation
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The repeal of a probation or parole sentence and the substitution of a more restrictive sentence because of a violation of the conditions of parole/probation is called a:
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Technical Violation
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This superintendent of Elmira Reformatory was among the first in the U.S. to allow inmates the opportunity for early release after they demonstrate good behavior and accumulate marks by participating in various insititutional programs or services:
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Zebulon Brockway
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Net-widening is an unintended consequence and subsequent disadvantage of intermediate sanctions.
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True
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Which of the following is an issue that inmates have to face after leaving prison?
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All are issues inmates face upon leaving prison
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Community corrections supervises roughly _______ of the total correctional population and receives roughly_______ of the total correctional budget
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70%; 20%
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What is the investigation report conducted by the probation officer after the defendant has been found guilty?
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Presentence report
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Approximately this percentage of prisoners will be released from prison
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90%
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Which of the following refers to organized and systematic efforts to remove people from the criminal justice process by placing them in programs that offer alternatives in lieu of a prison/jail sentence:
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Diversion
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This sanction involves using residential facilities that are less secure and restrictive than a prison, but provide a more controlled environment than other community sanctions:
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Halfway House/CBCF
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Probationers tend to have a higher recidivism rate than those individuals released from prison.
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False
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Parole differs from probation in that it is given to offenders by a parole board after serving time in prison, and because it is not issued as a sentence.
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True
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MO State Supreme Court # of Justices
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7
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Facts or situations that reduce degree of blame worthiness
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Mitigating
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Supreme court case establishing need of proof beyond a reasonable doubt to adjudicate juveniles
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In Re Winship
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Court case where decision of death penalty was to be used only when crime resulted in death of victim
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Kennedy v. Louisiana (2008)
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Court case invalidated state execution statutes (Death penalty moratorium) and removed 600 people from death row.
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Furman v. Georgia
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Crimes unknown to public and not on UCR
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Dark Figure
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CJ system is composed of these 3 primary components
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Cops, Courts, Corrections
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SARA stands for
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Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment
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Wilson's operational type that focuses on helping people w/non-crime related problems
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service
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Model emphasizes possible errors in stages of CJS and interested in protecting individual rights
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Due Process Model
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Factor affecting discretion involves how the offender treats the officer
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Suspect Demeanor
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3 primary methods of measuring a crime
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Victim Survey, Official Data, Self-report surveys
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Federal Judges get into power by
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nomination of the President and confirmation of the Senate
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Court case where right to waiver case from juvenile to adult court
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Kent v. U.S. (1966)
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Jury selection process is also known as:
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Voir Dire
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