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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reasons to classify |
Predict characteristics Identify species Find evolutionary links |
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Domain system |
Adds another kingdom archae bacteria and 3 domains above that of archaea (archae bacteria), bacteria (eubacteria), and eukarya (all the rest) |
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How are domains differentiated |
Differences in: nucleotides in RNA Lipid cell membrane stricture Antibiotic sensitivity |
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3 domains characteristics |
Archaea- 70S- RNA polymerase has 8-10 proteins Bacteria- 70S- RNA polymerase has 5 proteins Eukarya- 80S- RNA polymerase has 12 proteins |
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Changes in what classification is based on |
Observable characteristics then but DNA sequencing and evolutionary links now |
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Differences between archaea and bacteria |
Archaea= live in extreme environments of anaerobic and acidic nature e.g. thermal vents Bacteria= all normal bacteria |
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Linnaeus system advs |
Used internationally Provides info about relationships between organisms |
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Prokaryotae 4 |
Unicellular
Small ribosomes
No visible feeding mechanism
No nucleus or MBOs |
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Protoctista 4 |
Nucleus and MBOs Eukaryotes Mostly unicellular Sometimes have chloroplasts or feet autotrophically |
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Fungi 5 |
Chitin cell wall Nucleus and MBOs Saprotrophic or parasitic Food stored as glycogen Uni and multi cellular |
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Plantae 5 |
Multicellular Nucleus and MBOs Store food as starch Autotrophic with chlorophyll Cellulose cell wall |
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Animalia 5 |
Multicellular Nucleus and MBOs No cell wall Store food as glycogen Heterotrophs |
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Phylogeny |
Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms |
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Phylogeny advs |
Used to determine if Linnaeus system is correct Not discreet which has limitations but a continuum Linnaeus implies 2 families are equivalent but history not taken into account |
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How phylogeny works |
Compared common gene e.g. cytochrome C for respiration More distant relations have longer time for mutations to occur |
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LUCA |
Last universal common ancestor |
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3 evidences of evolution |
Paleontology Comparing anatomy of organisms Comparing biochemistry of organisms |
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Paleantology |
Simple organisms found in oldest rocks This shows younger life is more complex Plant fossils appear before animal fossils This shows animals need plants to survive Studying fossil anatomy can show common ancestors showing evolution |
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Anatomy |
Homologous structures Similar structures appearing in different organisms e.g. slightly differing pterodactyl wings This shows divergent evolution meaning many species evolve from a common ancestors then adapt more specifically to their conditions |
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Homologous and analogous structures |
Homologous = divergent evolution from a common ancestor to appear more different over time Analogous = convergent evolution of organisms distantly related to appear similar over time due to similar conditions |
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Biochemistry |
Some chemicals are only very slightly different between species e.g. cytochrome C and RNA Neutral evolution states that these differences don't affect function Plot no. Differences in chemical against rate of neutral base pair substitution between 2 organisms This shows interspecies relations are consistent with evolution |
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Natural selection |
1. Organisms within species show genetic variation due to mutations 2. Organisms with characteristics that are best adapted to the selection pressure have better chance of surviving and reproducing 3. These organisms pass on favourable alleles to offspring 4. The process repeats for generations until large % of species have favourable characteristics 5. Over long periods new.species may evolve from this |
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Selection pressure |
Factors affecting organisms chance of survival or reproductive success |
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Antibiotic resistance |
Mutations in some bacteria e.g. MRSA passed on so chance of survival of antibiotic increases, other species are wiped out reducing inter- specific competition |
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Flavobacterium |
Evolution due to opportunity They live in waste water of nylon factories and have evolved to digest the waste water which is beneficial to humans |
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Sheep blowflies |
Evolution pre opportunity Existing trait of flies to resist diazinon used to kill them became advantageous when they were culled |
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Continuous variation |
Any value within intermediate range Influenced by multiple genes Influenced by environment |
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Discontinuous variation |
Can only be discreet values Only determined by genetics |
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Standard deviation |
Measure of how spread out data is I.e. how much variation there is |
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Genetic variation causes |
1. Inheriting alleles 2. Somatic mutation (not passed on) 3. Gamete mutation 4. Meiosis independent assortment 5. Chance of fertilisation |
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Environmental variation |
Plants more so die to lack of mobility, mostly advantageous to favourable environments E.g. pink hydrangeas in alkaline soil |
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Adaptation definition and types |
Characteristics increasing ones chance of survival and reproduction Can be: Physioligical- processes inside organism Behanioural- inherited or learnt actions Anatomical- physical internal and external features |
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Behavioural adaptations 4 |
Survival e.g. playing dead Courtship e.g. dancing scorpions Seasonal migration for favourable conditions Seasonal hibernation to conserve energy |
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Anatomical adaptations 4 |
Body covering e.g. hair for warmth or waxy cubicles to reduce water loss Camouflage to reduce predation Teeth shape related to diet Mimicry of poisonous species to deter predation |
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Physiological adaptations 3 |
Poison production Antibiotic production by some bacteria to kill other bacteria Water storage |
