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15 Cards in this Set

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List some clinically significant Gram positive Cocci
  • Staphylococci (clusters)
  • Streptococci (chains)
  • Enterococci

Outline how Staphlococci are identified or distinguished

Coagulase Positive, e.g. Staph. Aureus



  • Commensal microbe carried in nose, axilla and perineum
  • Major pathogen causing many diseases
  • Often penicillin resistant due to β-lactamase

Coagulase Negative, many different species



  • Skin commensals
  • Can be pathogenic in presence of foreign bodies/prostheses

Outline how Streptococci are identified or distinguished

α-haemolytic (PartialHaemolysis)



  • Turns blood agar green
  • Strep. Pneumoniae
  • Normal Oral Flora
  • Can cause injective endocarditis

β-haemolytic (CompleteHaemolysis)



  • Turns blood agar clear
  • Further separated into groups A-G

Outline how Enterococci are identified or distinguished


  • Used to be known as non-haemolytic strep
  • Enterococcus faecalis (group D)
  • Normal gut commensal
  • Cause of UTI's

List some clinically significant Gram Positive Bacilli
  • Clostridium Difficile
  • Clostridium Perfringens
  • Clostridium Tetani

Outline how Clostridium Difficileis identified or distinguished
  • Difficult to culture
  • Major cause of diarrhoea due to toxin production
  • Pseudomembranous colitis
  • Toxins found in stool sample
  • Spreads via spores

Outline how Clostridium Perfringens is identified or distinguished
  • Normal gut commensal
  • In food, can cause food poisoning
  • In serious wounds can cause 'gas gangrene'

Outline how Clostridium Tetani is identified or distinguished
  • Toxins cause tetanus
  • Antigenically modified toxin (toxoid) used in vaccine

List some clinically significant Gram Negative Cocci
  • Neisseria spp.
  • Moraxella Catarrhalis

Outline how Neisseria spp. is identified or distinguished

Neisseria meningitidis


  • Causes Meningitis
  • May be grown from blood cultures or CSF samples
  • Can be life threatening

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae



  • Causes urethritis in men and pelvic inflammatory disease in females
  • Spreads through sexual contact

Outline how Moraxella Catarrhalis is identified or distinguished
  • Causative agent in respiratory tract infections
  • Especially prevalent in those with underlying lung pathology

List some clinically significant Gram Negative Bacilli


  • E-Coli
  • Salmonella spp.
  • Shigella

Outline how E-Coli is identified or distinguished
  • Ferments lactose
  • Over 160 serotypes based on the O antigen
  • Strains vary in terms of disease potential
  • Important cause of UTIs and Neonatal sepsis

Enterotoxigenic E-Coli:



  • Commonest cause of Traveller's Disease

Enterohaemorrhagic E-Coli:



  • Bloody diarrhoea
  • Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Outline how Salmonella spp. is identified or distinguished
  • Does not ferment lactose

Salmonella Enterica:



  • Self-limiting enterocolitis with or without bloody diarrhoea
  • 2nd commonest cause of bacterial diarrhoea
  • can be invasive

Salmonella Typhi:



  • Cause of Typhoid Fever
  • Fever, constipation in early stages
  • Organism isolated from blood

Outline how Shigella is identified or distinguished
  • Does not ferment lactose
  • Low infective dose
  • Faecal-Oral route
  • Bacillary dysentery
  • Some strains produce toxin (Shiga Toxin)
  • 4 species: only Shigella Sonnei currently found in the UK