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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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After 201 BC, how did the Romans divide Carthaginian Spain? |
Hispania Cisterior (Closer Spain) and Hispania Ulterior (Farther Spain) |
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After 200 BC what did Rome control? |
-all of the Italian Peninsula -Carthaginian Spain -Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia -Numidia is a kingdom -Carthage is under Roman authority |
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What title did Scipio Africanus take in 199 BC? |
Princeps Senatus (chief of the Senate, like the speaker of the house; spoke first; 5 year term) |
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Where did Hannibal end up? |
-respected by Scipio, so wasn't killed -had enemies in Carthage (he was elected sufes, consul equiv., of a divided Carthage; he passed a law in favour of the business class so the landowning class told Rome that he was trying to build up a force against them) -fled to Syria in 195 BC, became chief consultant to Antiochus -fled again to a fortress in the middle of nowhere, surrounded, committed suicide |
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Who was the general for the 2nd Macedonian War, who fought with Rome, and how did it end? |
-Flamininus -Greek allies, Achean League, Aetolian League, and Pergamum -Flamininus defeated the phalanx at the Battle of Cynocephalae in 197 -Phillip V remains in power in Macedonia, but loses Greek states |
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Who led Pergamum? |
Attalus |
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Who led Syria? |
Antiochus III
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What did Flamininus proclaim at the Isthmian Games in Corinth in 196 BC? |
-the freedom of Greece -knew greek flawlessly -many greek states thought he was a god, put his face on a coin |
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What was Flamininus' full name? |
T. Quinctius Flamininus |
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What started the 1st Seleucid or Syrian War? Who ended it? |
-192-189 -Antiochus and Hannibal, chief advisor at this point, saw that Phillip V was weak so they invaded Greece and Macedonia -L. Cornelius Scipio (Asiaticus) was the commander for the battles of Thermopylae and Magnesia, helped by his brother, but still got the honorific -Antiochus had to leave most of Turkey, giving it to Pergamum |
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Who succeeded Antiochus? |
Antiochus IV, his son |
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What stopped Antiochus IV from invading Egypt? |
-Rome had an alliance with Egypt, so when they invaded, Rome sent a delegation led by Gaius Popillius Laenas -said that Rome could be there in 5 hours, lie -gave Antiochus IV time to think, but couldn't leave the circle Popillius drew in the sand -terms of surrender were to hand over Hannibal, but he'd already fled |
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How did Antiochus IV try to suppress Judaism, and who stopped him? |
-outlawed the practice of Judaism, and turned the Temple into a temple of Zeus -Judas Maccabaeus and his sons rose up an army to recover Jerusalem (where Hanukkah comes from) -this is where Judaea allies with Rome, c. 160 BC |
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Who succeeded Phillip V? |
Perseus, his son |
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Who won the battle of Pydna 167 BC, defeating Perseus in the 3rd Macedonian war? |
-L. Aemillis Paullus, Africanus' brother in law -the kingdom of Macedonia was split into four republics under Roman rule, and there was a rule that they couldn't cross the borders |
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Who was Polybius of Megalopolis? |
-Greek hostage from a state that had supported Perseus -was the tutor for Paullus' sons -became one of the greatest historians of Rome; wanted to know why they kept winning wars (government) |
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Who succeeded Attalus of Pergamum? |
Eumenes II |
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Who was the governor of Spain from 180-179? |
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus |
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Who did Tiberius marry? |
Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio Africanus -of their 12 children, only 3 reached adulthood |
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Who tricked the Lucitanians (Spain) into surrendering, then killed 8000 of them? |
Servius Sulpicius Galba |
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Which Lucitanian survived? |
a shepherd named Viriathus |
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How was Viriathus killed? |
-assassinated by his own ambassadors, but the Romans refused to pay them afterwards "don't support traitors" |
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What two factions was the Senate split into? |
Expansionists and Conservatives |
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Who led the expansionists and what did they believe? |
Scipio -expanding the empire and embracing new ideas -philhellenes – lover of Greek ideas -T. Quinctius Flamininus was an expansionist |
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Who led the Conservatives and where did he come from? |
M. Porcius Cato, from Tusculum -fought at Metaurus River and was a supporter of Q. Fabius Maximus (guy who wouldn't engage Hannibal) |
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When was Cato elected quaestor? |
204 BC -since then, he and Scipio didn't get along |
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What does Novus Homo mean? |
New man; first in his family to serve on the senate, or as consul |
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During Cato's consulship, where did he focus? |
Spain, fighting against tribes and expanding Roman territory |
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In what year did the Senate outlaw the cult of Bacchus? |
186 BC -in response to the Bacchanalia and it's seedy events, and to show their power -the law was called the "Senatus consultum de bacchanalibus |
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Carthage was flourishing from 201-150 BC, but what was their greatest problem? |
Massinissa kept raiding their territory, because he knew he could get away with it |
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What does "Carthago delende est" mean and who said it? |
Carthage must be destroyed, said by Cato after investigating Carthage's claims about Massinissa and instead seeing how prosperous it was |
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How did the 3rd Punic War (149-146) start? |
Carthage decided to attack Massinissa, since Rome wasn't willing to help |
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Which one of L. Aemillius Paullus' sons was given to P. Cornelius Scipio, the son of Africanus? |
P. Cornelius Scipio Aemillianus -military tribune in 149, went to Africa -returned home to run for aedile in 148, but was elected consul instead -commander of the Roman forces in Africa in 147 |
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After being destroyed and all its people killed or enslaved, what was Carthage called? |
the Roman Province of Africa |
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What was P. Cornelius Scipio Aemillianus' new name? |
P. Cornelius Scipio Aemillianus Africanus, or Africanus Minor |
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With no one being left in Carthage, when was an actual peace treaty signed? |
Feb. 5, 1985 |
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In 146 BC as well, who crushed the Greek and Macedonian revolts? |
L. Mummius, then called Achaicus -all of modern Greece was included in the new province of Macedonia |
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When was Scipio Aemillianus Africanus elected consul, and what was his task? |
134 BC -capturing and destroying Numantia in Spain (north, close to the border of Roman territory |
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Which previous consul was captured and forced to sign a treaty with the Numantines recognizing the independence of the Celtiberians? |
C. Hostilius Mancinus |
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Who was Mancinus' quaestor, who actually wrote the treaty, saving the Roman army? |
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus -the Numantines trusted his father, the original Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, who was the governor of Spain in 180-179 BC |
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Did the Senate agree with the treaty between them and the Numantines? |
No, decided to send Mancinus and his troops back, the Numantines refused, scarring Gracchus (for some reason?) |
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When did Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus become tribune of the plebs? |
133 BC |
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What did Gracchus the Younger want to change? |
the Lex Licinia-Sextia (on the possession of land) |
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What was Gracchus' proposed compromise? |
that they could keep 500 iugera plus 250 each for up to two sons, but had to give up the rest of the land that they held, to give to those who had none |
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Which fellow tribune kept vetoing Tiberius' law? |
M. Octavius |
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How did Tiberius get him law passed? |
vetoed everything put in to the Council, then finally had Octavius removed by intimidation |
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How did Tiberius fund his project? |
with the money left to Rome by the king of Pergamum (no sons) -constitutionally permitted, but went against the Senate |
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Why did the Senate stop fighting Tiberius? |
they thought that he wouldn't be able to run for the same office again (law experts were unsure if it was the same to tribunes); he ran again anyways |
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Who were Tiberius' two major opponents? |
Scipio Aemilianus (his brother) and Scipio Nasica (cousin/Pontifex Maximus/largest land owner in all of Rome) |
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Who led a mob a Tiberius' election rally, killing 300 people, including Tiberius? |
Scipio Nascia -fled to Asia, died a few weeks later |
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Who carried on Tiberius' work? |
Gaius Sempronius (brother), Ap. Claudius Pulcher (father in law), and P Licinius Crassus (Gaius' father in law) |
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What were they called? |
Triumviri Agris Iudicandis Assignandis -group of three in charge of land assignments |
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Who destroyed Numantia in 133? |
Scipio Aemillianus (full name : Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (Carthage) Numantinus (Numantia) ) |
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What would Transalpine Gaul be called under Roman rule? |
The Province, now Provence |
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What was the name of the document recording the triumphs of Roman generals? |
Fasti Triumphales |
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Who did Gaius Sempronius, pleb tribune, marry? |
Licinia, daughter of P. Licinius Crassus |
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Who was the important ally of Gaius? |
M. Fulvius Flaccus, consul 125, tribune 122 |
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What are Gaius' 6 positive political activities? |
1) Land commission (Lex agraria) 2) grain pricing (Lexfrumentaria-frumentum 3) controls on interest 4) more colonies, one in Tarentum 5) the knights (equites/eques) collected the taxes in Asia 6) knights became the jurors for trials of provincial governors |
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Which two political activities led to Gaius' downfall? |
1) giving full Roman citizenship to those with Latin rights, like the Samnites 2) proposed a colony of the site of Carthage |
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Who was Gaius' main political opponent? |
another tribune, Marcus Livius Drusus |
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Who was one of the two consuls for 121 (the year after Gaius' tribunate)? |
L. Opimus |
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What was the name of the decree that let him kill Gaius? |
Senatus Consultum Ultimum |
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Which two camps was the Senate divided into after the murders of both Gracchi? |
Populares (supporters of the Gracchi) and the Optimates (believed that the Senate should hold all power) |
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At this same time, who was beginning his senatorial career, as quaestor in 123 and pleb tribune in 119? |
Gaius Marius |
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In what year did Marius become praetor and marry Julia (from the Julii Caesares) |
115 BC |
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Who was Marius' patron? |
the Caecilii Metelli, but their relationship was strained because Marius was Populares and was passing laws that didn't benefit the elite |
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Q. Caecilius Metellus took Marius on as a legate on a campaign against whom in 109? |
Jugurtha, Numidia (Massinissa's descendant) |
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In the early years of the war, what did Jugurtha do to survive? |
he bribed the Roman commanders |
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Where did Metellus drive Jugurtha to, earning the cognomen Numidicus? |
Mauretania, King Bocchus was his father-in-law |
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How did Metellus respond to Marius saying he wanted to run for consul? |
He said to wait for his son to run together, who was only 20, so he would have had to wait 20 more years; mostly because of his status as novus homo |
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What did Marius do after Metellus didn't approve of him running for consul? |
ran anyways, and became consul in 107, and had military command transferred to him |
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Who was Marius' quaestor? |
L. Cornelius Sulla |
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What did Marius reform? |
conscription, not limited by class anymore |
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How did Sulla capture Jugurtha? |
Bocchus was nervous about the approaching army, so he agreed to betray Jugurtha is Sulla came and got him |
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What cognomen did Sulla take? |
Felix (Lucky) |
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Which war was going on during this time? |
The war against the Cimbri and the Teutones (Deutsch is derived from the same word) (113-101) -two armies there, but refused to work with each other; elites |
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Which battle in 105 wiped out 80 000 soldiers? |
Arausio (Orange) -two armies wiped out -back to the river -added to the tension between the two camps |
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How many times was Marius elected consul? |
7 times, every year between 104-100 -illegal |
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What were Marius' 4 reforms? |
1) enrolling the proletariat 2) legionary eagle (aquila) 3) pilum (spear) 4) reformed the centuries with new tactics; manipulus cohorts |
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What was the nickname given to Marius' troops, because of the hard work and discipline he forced on them?
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Muli Mariani |
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In which battle were the Teutones defeated?
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Aquae Sextaie, now Aix-en-Provence, 102 BC |
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In which battle were the Cimbri defeated? |
Vercellae (Vercelli, 101 BC) |
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Which other Germanic tribes were part of the war? |
Ambrones and the Tigurini |
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According to one tradition, which city did the Tigurini escape to? |
Tiguricum, Zurich now |
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Who were Marius' hench tribunes? |
C. Servilius Glaucia and L. Appuleius Saturninus |
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In which year was Metellus Numidicus exiled? |
100 BC |
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Who was Metellus' son? |
Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius |
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Which tribune tried to pass a law to give citizenship to the Italians, and was subsequently assassinated, causing the Social War? |
M. Livius Drusus (II) (91 BC) |
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Who was the war against? |
the Socii, autonomous Italian tribes |
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What was the war also called? |
Marsic War, the Marsi were a tribe |
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Who took over after Drusus was assassinated? |
Marius |
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What city did the Italian Confederacy want to make its capital? |
Corfinium |
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Who was the commander of the Italian forces? |
C. Papius Mutilus |
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Which law allowed citizenship for those south of the Arno who didn't participate in the revolt? |
Lex Julia 90 |
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Which law allowed Italians to apply for citizenship if they were south of the Po? |
Lex Pompeia, 89 BC |
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When was Sulla first consul? |
88 BC
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Who led the Greeks against Rome and the kingdom of Bithynia in the First Mithridatic War? |
Mithridates VI Eupator, King on Pontus |
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After taking Asia Minor, what did Mithridates VI do to secure his place there? |
killed 80 000 Romans/Italians |
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When did Sulla first march on Rome? |
88 BC, forcing Marius to flee to the ruins of Carthage |
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Before leaving to fight in the east, what did Sulla have his enemies declared as? |
hostes, outlaws |
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Another change he made was to have all bills approved by which assembly only? |
the comitia centuriata (it was a tribune that set up the riot to kill him and who transferred command to Marius) |
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After Sulla left Rome, who was elected consul killed the pro-Sulla consul? |
L. Cornelius Cinna |
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In what year did Marius return and get elected consul, respectively? |
87 and 86 |
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What was this time called, where Cinna and Marius were in charge? |
The Reign of Terror |
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Where did Sulla meet with his army and supporters before marching on Rome for a second time? |
Brundisium, Brindisi |
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Which three people did Sulla meet there? |
Metellus Pius, governor of Africa, Cn. Pompeius, not yet Magnus, M. Licinius Crassus, banker and fire starter guy |
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Which battle decided that Sulla would take control? |
The Battle of Colline Gate 82 BC |
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What were the proscriptions? |
Wrote the names of Sulla's enemies on the walls with prices for their heads; thousands killed |
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How did Sulla earn the loyalty of the proscribed's slaves? |
He freed them |
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Who was the slave set free who got involved with a law case against Cicero? |
L. Cornelius Chrysogonus |
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Which 6 changes did Sulla make to the constitution? |
1) tribune's veto limited to "ad hominem"; only allowed on bills that affected 1 person (because of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus) 2) a tribune could not run for another office afterwards 3) all laws had to first be submitted to the Senate for approval, then passed in the comitia centuriata 4) raised the number of quaestors to 20 each year 5) consul has to be 40 years old 6) permanent courts set up for extortion, treason, murder, and embezzlement |
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Which years was Sulla dictator? |
82-80 |
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Which nephew of Sulla's married Cinna's daughter, and had to flee to Asia until Sulla died? |
C. Julius Caesar |
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Who did Julius Caesar claim to be descendent of? |
Aeneas, therefore Venus, therefore Jupiter; claiming royalty and divinity |
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What year did Sulla resign, then die in, respectively? |
80 and 78 |
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How was Sulla's body taken care of? |
He was cremated to prevent his enemies from desecrating his body |
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Who was leading the rebellion against the Roman gov. in Spain? |
Q Sertorius, between 80-73 |
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What animal gave Sertorius counsel? |
a white fawn |
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Both Metellus Pius and Pompey went to try to stop him; which places are names after them? |
Metellinum (Medillin today), Castra Caecilia (Caceres) Pompaelo (Pamplona) |
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Which kingdom did Mithridates invade in response to Rome being willed it? |
Bithynia -started the 3rd Mithridatic War 74-63 |
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What did mithridate mean? |
antidote for every poison |
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Who was the first general to go after Mithridates? |
L Licinius Lucullus |
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Which war was going on at this time as well? |
The Servile War |
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Who led the Serviles? |
Spartacus from Thrace and Crixus, Gaul -gladiator held captive in Capua |
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Who were the consuls of 70 BC? |
Crassus and Pompey -dismantled Sulla's constitution -Pompey given "Maius Imperium" (Greater Power) to handle the pirate problem |
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Judaea was experiencing civil war between the Pharisees and the Sadducees, which supported Rome, and were therefore supported by Pompey? |
Pharisees |
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How did Julius Caesar rise through the ranks? |
-curule aedile -proconsul of farther spain -triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey -consul in 59 -governor of cisalpine gaul, transalpine gaul, and Illyricum |
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What did each of the triumvirates bring to the table? |
Caesar: charm and connections Pompey: veterans and voters Crassus: $$$ |
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Who did Pompey marry in 60? |
Julia, Julius' daughter |
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Who did Julius marry? |
Calpurnia, daughter of the latter consul Piso |
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What was the title of the commentaries he wrote on the Gallic War while he was governor? |
De Bello Gallico |
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Who were the leaders of the Gallic tribes? |
Ambiorix, Eburones Cassivellaunus, Britons Vercingetorix, Arverni *** (Auvergne nowadays) |
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Where did the Triumvirs meet? |
Luca |
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Which river did Julius cross? |
Rubicon |
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What are the three battles of the Roman civil war? |
Pharsalus in Greece, Pompey flees to Egypt Thapsus the Younger, Cato the Younger Munda in Spain, Pompey's son Gnaeus |
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In what year did Caesar enter Rome as dictator, then what year was he named dictator for life? |
45 and 44 |
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What is the latin translation of dictator for life? |
Dictator Perpetuus |
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Who led the conspiracy to kill Caesar? |
M. Junius Brutus and C. Cassius Longinus |
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What day is the exam on? |
Ides of March |
