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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adjustment
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the principle of verbal interaction that claims that communication takes place only to the extent that the parties communicating share the same system of signals
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ambiguity
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uncertainty of meaning; the possibility of interpreting a message in more than one way. recognize that all messages are potentially ambiguous so clarify if necessary
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channel
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the vehicle or medium through which signals are sent
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code
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a set of symbols used to translate a message from one form to another
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communication
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(1) the process or act of communicating; (2) the actual message or messages sent and received; (3) the study of the processes involved in the sending and receiving of messages
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communication accommodation theory
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theory holding that speakers adjust their speaking style to their listeners to gain social approval and achieve greater communication effectiveness
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communication competence
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a knowledge of the rules and skills of communication; the term often refers to the qualities that make for effectiveness in communication
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computer-mediated communication
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a general term denoting all forms of communication between people that take place through some computer, electronic, or internet connection
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content and relationship dimensions
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a principle of communication stating that messages refer both to content (the world external to both speaker and listener) and to the relationship existing between the individuals who are interacting. listen to both the content and the relationship aspects of messages, distinguish between them, and respond to both. in conflict, analyze messages in terms of content and relationship dimensions and respond to each other accordingly.
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content messages
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content messages refer to the behavioral response expected - namely, that the worker see the employer after the meeting
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context
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the physical, psychological, social, and temporal environment in which communication takes place. adjust your messages to the unique communication context, taking into consideration its physical, cultural, social-psychological, and temporal aspects
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culture
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the relatively specialized lifestyle of a group of people - consisting of their values, beliefs, artifacts, ways of behaving, and ways of communicating - that is passed on from one generation to the next
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decoder
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something that takes a message in one form (for example, sound waves) and translates it into another form (for example, nerve impulses) from which meaning can be formulated (for example, in vocal-auditory communication). in human communication the decoder is the auditory mechanism; in electronic communication the decoder is, for example, the telephone earpiece
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decoding
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the process of extracting a message from a code - for example, translating speech sounds into nerve impulses
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effect
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the outcome or consequence of an action or behavior; communication is assumed always to have some effect
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encoder
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something that takes a message in one form (for example, nerve impulses) and translates it into another form (for example, sound waves). in human communication the encoder is the speaking mechanism; in electronic communication the encoder is, for example, the telephone mouthpiece
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encoding
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the process of putting a message into a code - for example, translating nerve impulses into speech sounds
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ethics
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the rightness or wrongness of actions; the branch of philosophy that studies moral values
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feedback
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information that is given back to the source. feedback may come from the source's own messages (as when we hear what we are saying) or may come from the receiver(s) in the form of applause, yawning, puzzled looks, questions, letters to the editor of a newspaper, increased or decreased subscriptions to a magazine, and so forth. listen to both verbal and nonverbal feedback - from yourself and from others - and use these cues to help you adjust your messages for greatest effectiveness
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feedforward
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information that is sent prior to a regular message telling the listener something about what is to follow. preface your messages with some kind of feedforward when you feel your listener needs some background or when you want to ease into a particular topic, such as bad news.
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inevitability
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A principle of communication stating that communication cannot be avoided; all behavior in an interactional setting is communication.
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intercultural communication
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Communication that takes place between or among persons of different cultures or persons who have different cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving. When communicating interculturally, become mindful of (1) the differences between yourself and culturally different individuals, (2) the differences within the other cultural group, (3) cultural differences in meanings for both verbal and nonverbal signals, and (4) different cultural rules and customs. Communicate interculturally with appropriate openness, empathy, positiveness, immediacy, interaction management, expressiveness, and other orientation.
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interpersonal communication
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Communication between two persons or among a small group of persons and distinguished from public or mass communication; communication of a personal nature and distinguished from impersonal communication; communication between or among intimates or those involved in a close relationship; often, dyadic and small group communication in general.
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interviewing
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A particular form of interpersonal communication in which two persons interact largely in a question-and-answer format for the purpose of achieving specific goals.
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intrapersonal communication
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Intrapersonal communication is communication you have with yourself.
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irreversibility
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A principle of communication holding that communication cannot be reversed; once something has been communicated, it cannot be uncommunicated.
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mass communication
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Communication addressed to an extremely large audience, mediated by audio and/or visual transmitters, and processed by gatekeepers before transmission.
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messages
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Any signal or combination of signals transmitted to a receiver.
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metacommunication
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Communication about communication. Metacommunicate when you want to clarify the way you’re talking or what you’re talking about; for example, give clear feedforward and paraphrase your own complex messages.
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metamessages
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○ A message that makes reference to another message. For example, comments like “Did I make myself clear?” or “That’s a lie” refer to other messages and are therefore considered metamessages.
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noise
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Anything that interferes with a person’s receiving a message as the source intended the message to be received. Noise is present in a communication system to the extent that the message received is not the message sent. Reduce the influence of physical, physiological, psychological, and semantic noise to the extent that you can; use repetition and restatement and, when in doubt, ask if you’re being clear.
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organizational communication
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The process of sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal messages that convey meaning and that occur within an organizational context.
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public speaking
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Communication in which a speaker presents a relatively continuous message to a relatively large audience in a unique context.
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punctuation
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The breaking up of continuous communication sequences into short sequences with identifiable beginnings and endings or stimuli and responses.
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receiver
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Any person or thing that takes in messages. Receivers may be individuals listening to or reading a message, a group of persons hearing a speech, a scattered television audience, or machines that store information.
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relationship message
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Message that comments on the relationship between the speakers rather than on matters external to them. Formulate messages that are appropriate to the stage of the relationship partners that may reveal differences in perception about your relationship stage.
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responses
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Any overt or covert behavior.
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small group communication
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Communication among a collection of individuals small enough in number that all members may interact with relative ease as both senders and receivers, the members being connected to one another by some common purpose and with some degree of organization or structure.
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source
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Any person or thing that creates messages. A source may be an individual speaking, writing, or gesturing or a computer sending an error message.
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stimuli
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External or internal changes that impinge on or arouse an organism (singular: stimulus).
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theory
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A general statement or principle applicable to related phenomena.
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transactional
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Characterizing the relationship among elements whereby each influences and is influenced by each other element; communication, in which no element is independent of any other element, is a transactional process.
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unrepeatability
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○ Principle of communication stating that no communication can ever be re-created in quite the same way, because circumstances are never the same.
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