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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Receptors ( sensory neurons ) |
neuronsthat pick up information from the environment |
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Association or inter-neurons |
receivemessages from ( many) other neurons, combine the signals and "decide"on the response Excitatory signals: make the post-synaptic neuron more likely to fire Inhibitory signals: make it less likely to fire |
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Principle of neural representation |
Everythingwe experience is the result of our personal representation through neuronsfiring |
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Feature detectors |
fire when a specific feature is present in aspecific area of the visual field eg. vertical lines |
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Hierarchical processing: |
neuronsin the visual cortex that respond to simple stimuli send their axons to higherlevels of the visual system where signals from many neurons combine andinteract |
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Specificity coding: |
Onlyone neuron will fire to one type of stimulus problem - too many things in the world t each get their own neuron |
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Population coding: |
representationof a particular object by the pattern offiring of a large number of neurons |
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sparse coding |
objectis represented by a pattern if firing of a small group of neurons |
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ablation |
removea portion of the animals brain |
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lesions |
use an micro electrode to kill brain cells in a specific spot of the brain |
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stimulation |
mildelectrical current stimulates specific brain areas |
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Neuropsychological tests: |
testverbal and non-verbal behaviours known to be affected by brain damage tospecific areas used after car crash |
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EEG |
hairnet that measures the activity of groupsof neurons - Verytime specific however not precise in where the activity is happening |
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CAT or CT scans |
takes pictures of narrow slices of the brain - Tells you if there is brain damage in a specific area Cant tell you what areas are for certain functions |
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PET scan |
inject a harmless form of radioactive glucoseinto the person and measure the emitted and from where Tells you which areas are being used during specific tasks Poor time and spatial data |
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fMRI |
magneticproperties of the brain Allowsus to see what areas are using up the oxygen during specific cognitive tasks best spatial and temporal resolution |
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medulla |
involved in heart rate and respiration |
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pons |
Bridge( lower and higher layers) sleeping breathing |
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cerebellum |
balance, coordination, fine motor movements, muscle memory Does not initiate movement just helps coordinate timing |
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midbrain |
connects sensory and motor pathways really centre for visual and auditory info eye movement |
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reticular formation |
sleepwake cycles and gate keeper of attention |
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frorebrain |
higher level thoughts occur |
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thalamus |
relaystation for sensory input ( visual, auditory, and body senses) associated with alszhimers |
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basal ganglia |
initiating voluntary movements Parkinson's disease: slow jerky movements |
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hypothalamus |
basic biological urges |
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limbic system |
reward and motivation sex drugs and food activate and release dopamine |
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amygdala |
emotionalresponse - mainly aggression and fear Unconscious fears |
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hippocampus |
forming and retrieving memories |
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cerebral cortex |
consciousness contains 80% of neurones in the brain |
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homuncular |
areasof the body have more sensitivity then others and have more cortical spacedevoted to them |
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broca's area |
speech production Frontal lobe |
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Wernicke's area |
comprehendinglanguage Temporallobe |
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temporal lobe |
auditorysignals go first. |
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parietal lobe |
perception of touch pressure and pain |
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frontal lobe |
speech production and skeletal musclemovements |
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motor cortex |
voluntary movement
frontal lobe |
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prefrontal lobe |
veryfront on the frontal lobe responsible for planning ahead, setting goals, andthinking things through |
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occipital lobe |
visualsignals go first. |
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association cortex |
notdirectly involved in receiving specific types of sensory information Combinesmultiple pieces of information Found in all 4 lobes 75% of the human cortex |
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prosopagnosia |
inabilityto recognize faces |
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Double dissociation |
occurs if damage to one area of the braincauses function A to be absent while function B is present and damage toanother area causes function B to be absent while function A is present Wayto know what parts of the brain are specialized for a certain task |
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left side of the brain |
language and math |
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right side of the brain |
arts and spatial relations |
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Cortical interference: |
unusedhemisphere tries to help out and makes the task more difficult |