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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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time spaces
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the perceptual experience of time units such as days of the week or months of the year as occupying spatial locations outside the body
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define perception; stimulus
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processing sensory info such that is produces a meaningful understanding of the info; an entity in the external environment that can be perceived by an observer
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theory of ecological optics (Gibson)
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the proposal that perception involves directly absorbing the visual information present in the environment. "perception is a function of stimulation and stimulation is a function of the environment, thus perception is a function of the environment"- Not mediated through internal representations!
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Ambient Optical Array AOA
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all the visual information that is present at a particular point of view
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Texture gradients; topological breakage
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gradual changes in the pattern of a surface that is normally assumed to be uniform which provides info about the surface characteristics such as whether the surface is curved; the discontinuity created by the intersection of two texture gradients
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scatter-reflection; transformation
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the degree to which light scatters from a surface -surfaces of different smoothness reflect light in different ways; the change of optical info hitting the eye when the observer moves through the environment
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optic flow field
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the continually changing pattern of info in the AOA that results from the movement of observer/objects
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percept; pattern recognition
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meaningful interpretation of sensory info; the ability to recognize an event as an instance of a particular category of event
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how do theories of pattern recognition differ from Gibson's theory of perception (ecological optics) being a function of environment? (2)
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- they do not consider the complex array of light info reflecting of all surfaces and objects- rather they focus on specific patterns
- they focus on how it is that we build internal representations of objects during the recognition process (Gibson focused on how info is directly perceived) |
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memory trace; Hoffding Function
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the trace an experience leaves in the brain. in order to recognize something you have to make contact with a previous memory trace of that object. Hoffding Function is when an experience makes contact with a memory trace resulting in recognition
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Template-matching theory; prototype
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comparing a stimulus to template - when they match the stimulus is recognized as belonging to that category; a template which contains all the typical characteristics of it's class
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multiple-trace memory model (3)
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-traces of each individual experience are recorded in memory.
-when a probe from the primary memory activates the secondary memory, memory traces return in the form of an 'echo' to primary memory no matter how many times it is experienced its memory trace is recorded each time. |
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Posners pattern prototype experiment (3)
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- showed them distortions of the prototype but not the prototype, and they had to classify the prototype, as well as new distorted ones
- according to Hintzmans trace theory, the reason they were able to do this without ever having seen the prototype first is that the 'echo' contains what the distortions have in common not differences, and it leaves a trace of itself in the secondary memory - thus in fact, experience which are abstract are later remembered as echoes of echoes |
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feature detection theory; pandemonium (paradomaniom)
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detecting patterns on the basis of their individual features; a model of this theory consisting of three levels:
-data, where the pattern of features (characteristics of stimuli) is recognized , -cognitive demons which detect features in the pandemonium and decides whether it matches pattern, and then shouts -and the decision demon which selects the cognitive demon that is shouting the loudest Lecture says 4 levels: image demon, feature demon, cognitive demon, decision demon |
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contrast energy; squelching
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the degree of contrast between letters in a word an the background they appear on determines partially how easy it is to read; the tendency of the visual system to block further processing of features unless they are clearly present. it doesn't 'guess'
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Recognition by Components (4)
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-a model of perception based on subdividing objects into basic geometric shapes called geons.
-there are 36 different geons - once objects are reduced to geons, they are compared to existing geon configurations stored in memory - they found that more complex objects consisting of more geons are recognized more efficiently then less complex ones |
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bottom-up processing vs top- down processing
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perception results from the combination of individual pieces of sensory info vs perception is driven by expectations and prior knowledge
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context effects; moon illusion; apparent distance theory; angle -of-regard theory
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influence that the situation plays on the perception; tendency for the moon to appear larger when on the horizon than high in the sky - an example of context effects;
an explanation for the moon illusion - the moon on the horizon appears larger because distance cues lead to the observer perceiving it as being nearer ; explains moon illusion that the high in sky moon appears smaller because a person has to raise their eyes to view it |
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Jumbles word effect ; word superiority effect
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the ability to read words despite having mixed up letters in the middle of the words; easier to identify a letter if it appears in a word than if it appears alone
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parallel distributed processing theory
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different features are processed at the same time by different units connected together in a network
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empirical theory of colour vision; mcGurk effect
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colour perception involves processing of wavelengths but also the influence of prior experience about how different lighting conditions affect the appearance of the colours of objects; the auditory experience of /da/ when you see someone mouth /ga/ and you hear /ba/- example of how context effects perception
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change blindness and the grand illusion of perception
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common failure of people to notice changes to a scene or object; the illusion of the perception of a clear a detailed picture of the world in ones visual field - most of it is top-down
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Explain the process of Figure Integration Theory (definition, pre attentive processing, feature binding, attentive processing, pop-out)
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states that before we can attend to objects in the world we must extract the features that make up the object, rather than viewing a faithful and detailed view of world.
- we extract the features through preattentive processing (extracting before perceiving) - then, in the attentive processing stage, which operates in a serial manner, focusing on one or two things at a time, we combine visual features to from whole objects (called feature binding) - a pop out is something attention grabbing and thus is likely to be used as a basic property out of which we construct the perceived object - uses visual search task as example |
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Why is a high fidelity percept o the world not possible? (2)
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- visual info is degraded as it moved through the visual organs to brain
- info from all areas of viewed space is not equally represented in the brain |
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perceptual completion/ filling-in
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the experience that something is present in part of a visual scene when actually it is absent in that spot but present in surrounding region- how we fill in blind spot
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bi-stable figures; figure-ground segmentation; atomistic perception;
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images from which two separate percepts can be formed (vase/faces, old/young woman); perceptual organization of a scene such that one element becomes the foreground and the other the background;focusing on components of object (opposite of holistic)
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what are the organizational principals of grouping? list and describe
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the rules that explain the ways which people are able to perceive whole objects/events from individual parts (6)
1) Principle of experience- elements grouped based on prior knowledge/ecperience (Gestalt) 2) Principle of proximity- group together things near 3) Principle of Closure- closed shapes grouped together 4) Principle of good continuation- things that form continuous lines 5) Principal of similarity 6) Principal of Common fate- moving in the same direction |
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What are some limitations of Gestalt perception (2)
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- the principles function ceteris paribus (when all is equal/constant) but in the real world the factors are constantly interacting with each other. (how to go beyond grouping simple shapes and into the real world)
- Gestaltists error- the assumption that whole objects should always dominate over elements of an image, |
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Apperceptive agnosia; optic ataxia
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can't match or categorize objects properly; patients can identify object but can't interact with them manually
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Skin conductance response; Capgras Syndrome
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small increase in the conductivity of the surface of the skin when individual sees a familiar object or person- interestingly, prospagnosia patients still have this; people think significant others have been replaced by impostors- they do not show proper skin conductive response
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what are the 4 types of theories of bottom up visual processing (pattern recognition)
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template matching, feature detection, recognition by components, recognition of views (the most common way to see the object matches template - like you don't see a chair upside down so won't match template)
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what are the principles of perceptual organization? (4) describe them
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1) emergence: perception arise as a whole - once you see the pic as an old lady you cant unsee
2) reification: perceived part contains more info that physical stimulus- making something concrete 3) multi stability: figure ground segregation is example- tendency for 2 different percepts to alternate you see vase or 2 faces not both at same time 4) invariance: simple geometric shapes are recognized regardless of orientation, etc |
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____ and ____ are brain areas for object recognition. Object recognition is a ____ system
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ventral stream- occipital and parietal ; conscious
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optic ataxia
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results from damage to dorsal stream, people cant reach for objects properly
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what is double dissociation? give examples
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Double dissociation- idea that if you impair function of one thing, the other one remains functional, both ways (like dorsal and ventral streams) visual agnosia or optic ataxia are examples. So are proposganosia and Capgras syndrome with consciousness
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representational theorists oppose Gibson- what is their stance?
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perception is mediated through internal representation (construct processes). these representations are interactions between top down and bottom up processes
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