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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cognitive Psychology |
study of the mental operations that support people's acquisition and use of knowledge |
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Sensory store |
part of the memory that holds unanalyzed information for a fraction of a second. Allows for additional analysis after physical termination of stimulus |
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Filter |
Determines which of the stimuli will be recognized |
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Pattern Recognition |
stage of perception where a pattern is recognized. |
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Selection |
determines which information a person will try to remember |
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Short Term Memory (STM) |
limited capacity last for a very short period of time |
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Long Term Memory (LTM) |
memory that has no capacity limits and lasts from minutes to a life time |
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Bottom-up processing |
sensory store --> LTM driven by sense organs |
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Top-down Processing |
LTM ---> sensory store driven by knowledge of the world |
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Template Theory |
Pattern Recognition Theory unanalyzed pattern is matched against a template pattern. Problem: to make matches possible we'd have to store millions of versions for every object |
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Feature Theory |
Pattern Recognition Theory describes patterns in terms of their parts/features Problem: features are small templates/ if spatial relationship isn't right neither is the image |
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Structural Theory |
Pattern Recognition Theory specifies how features of a pattern are joined to other features of the same pattern (uses Geons) Problem: not always sufficient enough to distinguish one object from another Ex. apples to pears |
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Geons |
Part of Structural theory different 3D shapes that combine to form 3D patterns |
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Sperling's Model |
Information Processing Stages consists of a visual information store, scanning, rehearsal, and auditory information store found cognitive operations happened by parallel processing not serial processing |
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parallel processing |
carrying out more than one operation at a time Ex. looking at art and talking |
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Serial Processing |
carrying out one operation at a time (old way of thinking) |
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Rumelhart's Model |
Information processing stages assumes that recognition occurs by identification of the features of a pattern feature recognition occurs simultaneously but takes time to process. |
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The Word Superiority Effect |
recognizing a letter is easier when it is in a word. (top-down processing) R A R T <-- easiest way to recognize R T R J |
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Interactive Activation Model |
Theory about the word-superiority effect assume there are three levels that interact to determine what we perceive (features, letters, word) |
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Parallel distributed processing (PDP) |
when information is simultaneously collected from different sources and combined to reach a decision Ex. Neural network models |
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Neural Network Model |
PDP 1. a set of processing units (Nodes) 2. a pattern of connections among nodes 3. Activation rules for nodes(how connections combine) 4. A state of activation 5.output functions of nodes 6. A learning rule |
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Exogenous attention |
External attention thingsin the world grab our attention Ex. Fire alarms |
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Endogenous attention |
Internal attention ourthoughts lead us to look in particular objects |
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Bottleneck Theory |
attempt to explain how people select information when some info-processing stages become overloaded |
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Broadbent's Filter Model |
Bottleneck theory bottleneck occurs at the pattern recognition stage and that attention determines what information reaches the pattern recognition phase. |
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Treisman's Attenuation Model |
Bottleneck Theory Basicidea is that an unattended message is not discarded right away - it is attenuated (weakened) bottleneck occurs at the filter stage effecting of the message gets to pattern recognition |
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Deutsch-Norman Memory Selection model |
Bottleneck Theory bottleneck placed after pattern recognition stage. Problem of selection into memory after perception has occured |
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Capacity Theory |
concerned with the amount of mental effort required to perform a task observers have some control over where the bottleneck occurs |
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Kahneman's Attention and Effort |
Capacity theory there is a general limit on a person's capacity to perform a mental task designed to supplement bottleneck not replace |
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enduring disposition |
in capacity theory an automatic influence to which people direct their attention |
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momentary intention |
in capacity theory a conscious decision to allocate attention to certain tasks or aspects of the environment |
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Multimodal theory |
capacity theory people's intentions and the demands of the task determine the information processing stage at which information is selected |
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automatic processing |
performing mental operations that require very little mental effort |
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stroop effect |
the finding that it takes longer to name the colour of the ink when the word says a different colour |
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automatic encoding |
two kinds of memory activity those that require considerable effort or capacity effortless proccessing - supports incidental learning |
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incidental learning |
learning that occurs when we do not consciously make an effort o learn |
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frequency information |
automatic encoding data that specifies how often different stimuli occur |
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spatial information |
automatic encoding data about where objects occur in the environment |
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Working memory |
the use of short-term memory as a temporary store for information needed to accomplish a particular task |
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Interference Theory |
proposal that forgetting occurs because other material interferes with the information in memory |
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Decay Theory |
proposal that information is lost spontaneously over time, even when there is no interference from other materials |
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Retroactive interference |
forgetting that occurs because of information that happens after learning |
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Proactive Interference |
forgetting that occurs because of information that happens before learning |
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Anterograde amnesia |
inability to remember things that happened after brain damage. (Implies inability to transfer new memories from STM to LTM) |
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Retrograde amnesia: |
inability to remember things that happenedbefore brain damage (Implies inability to retrieve existing memories from LTM) |
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Chunks |
a cluster of items that have been stored as a unit in long term memory |
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Memory set |
a set of items in STM that can be compared against a test item to determine whether the test item is stored there |
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self-terminating search |
a search that continues until the test item successfully matches with an item in the memory test opposite of exhaustive |
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Exhaustive search |
a search that continues until the test item is compared with every item in the memory set. |
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Baddeley's Working Memory Model |
consists of 3 components Phonological loop Visuospatial sketchpad Central executive |
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Phonological loop |
Baddeley's Working Memory Model maintains and manipulates acoutsic information |
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Visuospatial sketchpad |
Baddeley's Working Memory Model maintains and manipulates visual/spatial information |
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Central executive |
Baddeley's Working Memory Model manages the use of the working memory sometimes we have to create the chunks |
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The Episodic buffer |
Part of Baddeley's Revised Working Memory Model storage system that can integrate memory codes from different modalities |