Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
part of neuron that contains mechanisms to keep cell alive
|
cell body
|
|
cells specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system
|
neuron
|
|
tube filled with fluid that transmits electrical signal to other neurons
|
axon
|
|
multiple braches reaching from the cell body, which receives information from other neurons
|
dendrite
|
|
specialized to respond to information received from the senses
|
sensory receptors
|
|
neuron receives a signal from the environment, then info travels down the axon of that neuron to the dendrites of another neuron
|
action potentials
|
|
space between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another
|
synapse
|
|
chemicals that affect the electrical signal of the receiving neuron
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
type of neurotransmitter that increases chance neuron will fire
|
excitatory
|
|
type of neurotransmitter that decreases chance neuron will fire
|
inhibitory
|
|
do all signals leal to an action potential?
|
-no, the cell membrane processes the number of impulses received
-An action potential results only if the threshold level is reached |
|
contains mechanisms responsible for most of our cognitive functions
|
cerebral cortex
|
|
responsible for reasoning and planning; language, thought, memory, motor functioning “central executive”
(gathers and makes sense of info) |
frontal lobe
|
|
responsible for touch, temp, pain, pressure
|
parietal lobe
|
|
responsible for auditory and perceptual processing; language, hearing, memory, perceiving forms
|
temporal lobe
|
|
responsible for visual processing
|
occipital lobe
|
|
responsible for forming memories
|
hippocampus
|
|
responsible for emotions and emotional memories
|
amygdala
|
|
processing info from vison, hearing, and touch senses
|
thalamus
|
|
responsible for coordination of information received from all senses
|
frontal lobe
|
|
what are the primary receiving areas for the senses?
|
-occipital lobe
-temporal lobe -parietal lobe |
|
what is the organization of the nervous system?
|
-sensation
-movement -association (attention, perception, memory) |
|
neurons communicate via...
|
electro-chemical impulses (excitatory and inhibitory)
|
|
side of the brain responsible for language functions and analytical processing
|
left hemisphere
|
|
side of the brain responsible for faces, holistic processing, spatial relations
|
right hemisphere
|
|
where and what are mental representations?
|
-They are patterns of neural activation
-Sometimes they are localized in particular brain regions -Yet, for any one mental representation, many different parts of the brain may be involved |
|
the behavioral approach to researching the brain includes...
|
-Behavioral measures-> reaction time and proportion of errors
-Verbal protocols-> concurrent, think aloud protocols or other verbal reports |
|
the physiological approach to researching the brain includes...
|
neural methods-> EEG, ERP, PET, fMRI
|
|
what are two electrophysiology tests of the brain?
|
EEG and ERP
|
|
what are two neuroimaging tests of the brain?
|
PET and fMRI
|
|
what was the first non invasive way of observing brain activity?
|
EEG- electroencephalograph
|
|
what are the drawbacks of an EEG?
|
-Can’t tell us too much about underlying cognitive processes
-Cognitive process of interest will get lost in the background “noise” of the brain |
|
what test has good temporal resolution?
|
EEG
|
|
what are three uses of an EEG?
|
-Allows researchers to follow electrical impulses over time (with msec precision)
-Can show what state a person is in: Asleep, awake, anaesthetized -A tool for diagnosing brain disorders |
|
how does an EEG work?
|
-Electrical activity from the brain is measured at the scalp through electrodes
|
|
neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus
|
feature detectors
|
|
representation of a specific stimulus by firing of specifically tuned neurons specialized to just respond to a specific stimulus
|
specificity coding
|
|
representation by a pattern of firing across a number of neurons
|
distributed coding
|
|
Person X can do Task A but not Task B, and Person Y can do Task B but not Task A (able to somewhat pinpoint what certain areas of the brain are used for)
|
double dissociation
|
|
-Hubel & Wiesel (1965) looked at feature detectors and noticed two types of cells: simple and complex. what does each cell respond best to?
|
-Simple cells: neurons that respond best to bars of light of a particular orientation
-Complex cells: neurons that respond best to an oriented bar of light with a specific length |
|
what brain tests detect changes in blood flow, and indirectly shows changes in brain activity?
|
PET and fMRI
|
|
what are some advantages of the ERP compared to other physiological measures?
|
-Excellent temporal resolution
-Cheap -Noninvasive |
|
what are the ERP advantages over behavioral measures?
|
-Behavioral responses reflect the culmination of many individual cognitive/neural processes, ERP shows responses as they occur
-It is possible to use ERP without an overt behavioral response (i.e., attended vs. ignored stimuli) |
|
which brain measure gives good temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution?
|
ERP
|
|
which brain measure give good spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution?
|
PET and fMRI
|
|
what is cognitive subtraction?
|
-Technique measures brain activity before and during stimulation presentation
-Used to isolate the properties of a single stage of processing |
|
-Difference between activation determines what areas of the brain are active during manipulation -> leads to the location of the singled-out cognitive operation
|
cognitive subtraction
|
|
what are three behavioral/cognitive methodologies used to calculate an ERP?
|
-Exp.1-Detection-> As soon as you see something pop up on the screen: press button
-Exp.2-Recognition-> For an X (but not an O): press button -Exp.3-Response Selection-> For an X: press right button; For an O: press left button |
|
what is the difference of an EEG and ERP?
|
ERP is the measured electrical activity in the brain, that occur during behavioral/cognitive methodology tests, averaged over a number of trials
|
|
damage to this area of the brain causes language production to be impaired
|
broca's area
|
|
damage to this area of the brain causes language comprehension to be impaired
|
wernicke's area
|
|
where is broca's area?
|
frontal lobe
|
|
where is wernicke's area?
|
temporal lobe
|
|
Damage to temporal lobe in certain area that causes a person to be unable to recognize faces
|
prosopagnosia
|
|
damage to this area causes a person to be unable to recognize themselves or irregularities in face
|
fusiform face area
|
|
which neurological test measures blood flow through magnetic properties of blood using a subtraction technique
|
fMRI
|
|
which brain imaging test is invasive and which is not invasive?
|
PET; fMRI
|
|
brain imaging test that uses a radioactive tracer to measure blood flow in activated areas of brain (blood flow is higher where cognitive task is being processed)
|
PET
|