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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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perception
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selecting, organizing, and interpreting of information
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cognitive complexity
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measures the number of mental structures we use, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape our perceptions
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stimulus
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incites or quickens action, feeling, or thought
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selection
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occurs as the brain sorts one stimulus from another, based on criteria formed by our previous experiences
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selection exposure
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choice we make to experience or avoid particular stimuli
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selective attention
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focuses on specific stimuli while ignoring or downplaying others
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selective retention
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process, store, and retrieve already selected, organized, and interpreted information
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closure
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filling in the missing pieces and extending the lines in order to finish or complete figures
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proximity
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grouping of two or more things that are close to one another
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similarity
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grouping stimuli that resemble one another in size, shape, color, or other traits
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interpretation
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assigning meaning to stimuli
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perceptual set
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form of stereotyping
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stereotyping
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human psychological need to categorize and classify information
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attribution
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complex process through which we attempt to understand the reasons behind others; behaviors
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attribution error
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when we perceive other acting as they do because they are "that kind of person" rather than because of any external factors that may have influenced their behavior
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physical characteristics
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way a person takes in perceptual difference
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psychological state
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state of mind is another factor that may influence our perceptions of people, events, and things
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cultural background
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the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, role, spatial relations
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ethnocentric
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automatically assume that their own view is superior to that of any other culture
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cultural myopia
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perceiving one's own culture as superior to other cultures
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cultural relativism
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people take on a broader worldview and open their minds to different cultures as merely being different, and not judging them as inferior because they are different, they are accepting the philosophy
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self-concept
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the way we perceive ourselves
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self-image
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person we perceive ourselves to be or our mental picture
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self-esteem
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our feelings and attitudes towards ourselves
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communication apprehension
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anxiety syndrome associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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expectation we have of ourselves or that other have of us
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impression management
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how attitude can affect communication
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perceived self
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reflection of our self-concepts
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presenting self
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public image or the way we want to appear
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individualistic orientation
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culture stresses self or personal goals and achievements over group goals
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collectivism orientation
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stresses group goals over individual
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androgynous
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have both male and female traits
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muted group theory
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status and power are linked
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style-switch
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move between language cultures
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what are the four elements of language
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language, talk, speech and communication
sound words grammar meaning |
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concrete words
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tangible object we can actually experience
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abstract words
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symbols for intangible ideas, concepts, qualities, or relationships
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jargon
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unique use of words by specific groups
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slang
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language used by group members to keep meaning unique to that particular group
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euphemisms
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"soften" meanings
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doublespeak
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deliberate misuse of language to distort meaning
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bypassing
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what happens when what the listener hears and understand is not what the speaker means
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indiscrimination
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neglect differences and over emphasize similariteis
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stereotypes
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when we categorize things and forget unique qualities
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indexing
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technique that identifies specifics so that differences are clear
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dating
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things according to time
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polarization
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tendency to see only extremes
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pendulum effect
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conflict escalates to a point where people cannot communicate
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sapir-whorf hypothesis
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our perception of reality is determined by our thoughts, and our thought processes are influenced by language
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linguistic determinism
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language determines thought
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linguistic relativity
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people from different language communities perceive the world differently
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accurate language
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reduces distortions
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vivid language
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lively, interesting message
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verbal immediacy
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speaker relate to listeners and show feelings
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complementing behavior
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nonverbal cues to complete, describe, or accent verbal cues
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repeating behaviors
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message identical to the verbal one
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regulating
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control the flow of communication
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kinesethics
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body language
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oculesics
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eye behavior
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substituting
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replace verbal messages
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deceiving
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create false impressions or to convey incorrect information
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facial management techniques
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people learn to control their facial muscles in order to hide inappropriate or unacceptable responses
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masking
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replacing one expression of an emotion with another
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emblems
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body and facial movements that can be directly translate into words
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illustrators
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body motions that accent, reinforce, or emphasize
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regulators
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control, monitor,or maintain the back-and-forth interaction
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affect displays
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express emotions and feelings
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adaptors
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helps us feel at ease in communication situations
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haptics
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touching
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functional-professional
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business like touch
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social-polite
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norms or rules of society
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love-intimacy
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romantic relationships
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sexual-arousal
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most intimate level of personal contact
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proxemics
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space and distance that we place between ourselves
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territoriality
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need to identify certain amount of space
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chronemics
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study of how people perceive time and how they structure and use time as communication
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paralanguage
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study of all cues
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olfactics
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study of smells or odors
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artifacts
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adornments or possessions that communicate
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functions of listening
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information
evaluation empathetic enjoyment |
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communication
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symbolic interaction
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trasaction
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extend the concept of interaction to include simultaneous actions
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components of communication
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source
message channel receiver feedback environment |
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dyadic
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exchange of information between two people
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repertoire
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range of communication behaviors from which we choose
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