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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Jargon
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DO NOT USE; words or phrases familiar only to a particular group
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It is appropriate to use?
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Contractions, the use of I me you..., simple words and phrases.
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Sexist pronouns
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DO NOT USE; example: using he to describe an occupation that a man or woman could hold.
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Concrete Language
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USE; language that is specific, tangible, and definite.
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Abstract language
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AVOID; language that is general or non-specific.
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Jargon
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DO NOT USE; words or phrases familiar only to a particular group
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It is appropriate to use?
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Contractions, the use of I me you..., simple words and phrases.
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Sexist pronouns
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DO NOT USE; example: using he to describe an occupation that a man or woman could hold.
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Concrete Language
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USE; language that is specific, tangible, and definite.
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Abstract language
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AVOID; language that is general or non-specific.
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Colorful words
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use to make speech more exciting
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figures of speech
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USE THEM
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Denotative meaning
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literal or dictionary meaning/definition or a word.
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Connotative meaning
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special association that people have with a word. Ex: You say the word dog, one person will picture a small white fluffy thing, another person may picture a big black lab.
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Emphasis on words
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can change the meaning.
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vocal variety
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vary volume, pitch, rate, and use of pauses.
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volume
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relative loudness of a speaker's voice while giving a speech. (the louder the better)
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pitch
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range of sounds high to low
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rate
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WPM (words per minute), quickness of your speaking. Should be slower that 120 WPM. Larger audience-slower rate
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Pauses
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breaks between words or sentences. Enhances the meaning.
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Manuscript speech
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Definition: read directly fom a fully prepared text.
Benefits: research, organize, edit, rehearse, no forgetting, cue technology assistance, accurate time frame. Drawbacks: little eye contact, no flexiblity (response to audience), sounds read (boring) |
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Memory speech
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Definition: delivered entirely from memory
Benefits: research, organize, edit, rehearse, cue technology assistance, accurate time frame, eye contact Drawbacks: Forget, no flexibility (response to audience), sounds read (memorized). |
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Impromptu speech
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definition: Delivered with out preparation or practice, completely unknown.
Benefits: Conversational, eye contact, flexibility to respond to audience needs, short Drawbacks: no research, no organization, no notes, no editing. |
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Extemporaneous speech
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Definition: well-pacticed and delivered from key word phrase outline
Benefits: research, organized, edit, outline form, rehearse, cue technology, cue self, eye contact, notes, conversational. drawbacks: time frame, have to rehearse |
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face, body
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smile! use facial expressions, use gestures, scan audience.
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Biased Language
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relies on unfounded assumptions, negative descriptions, or stereotypes of a group's characteristics.
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Colloquial expressions
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expressions that only certain groups of people would understand. Ex: "hit the nail on the head" ; " back the wrong horse"
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malapropism
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inadvertent use of a word or phrase in place of on that sounds like it. this does nothing to enchance the speakers credibility. Ex: "its a strange receptacle" "it's a strange spectacle".
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hedges
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unnecessary words and phrases that qualify or introduce doubt into statements that should be straightforward. Ex: I guess my question is ; I may not be right, but...
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effective delivery
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skillful application of natural conversational behavior in a way that is relaxed, enthusiastic, and direct.
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intonation
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rise and fall of vocal pitch across phrases and sentences.
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vocal fillers
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"uh" "um" "you know" "i mean"
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mumbling
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DO NOT DO; slurring words together at a very low level of volume and pitch so that they are barely audible.
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lazy speech
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"fer" instead of "far" ; "wanna" instead of "want to" ; "gonna" instead of "going to"
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scanning
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move gaze from one listener to another and from one section to another, pausing as you do so to gaze briefly at each individual.
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persuasion
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process of influencing attitides, beliefs, values, and behavior. Opens people minds to new ideas, and lets them make the decision to act upon it.
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persuasive speech
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form of speech that is intended to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, and actions of others.
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argumentation is NOT
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fighting, attacking personalities, non-ethical
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argumentation IS
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socially constructive, culturally sensitive, strive for accuracy, acknowledge value in alternative view, and ethical.
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how to increase your odds
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clearly demonstrate topics relevance to audience: demonstrate how changes will benefit the audience: target issues that the audience feels strongly about: set modest goals: establish credibility: expect success with an audience whose position differs only slightly from yours: convince your audience that there will be a reward for the change
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logos
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proof by reason:
evidence + reasoning. (logic) statistics, examples, expert testimony + why it is important |
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pathos
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proof by emotion:
emotional appeal |
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ethos
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proof through speaker character:
speaker credibility, give reason to trust you. |
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logos, pathos, and ethos were established by who?
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aristotle
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combine these three things into a persuasive speech
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logos, pathos, and ethos
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aristotles rhetorical proofs (persuasive appeals)
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logos, pathos, and ethos.
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difference between informative speech and persuasive speech
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persuasive does not havea thesis statement
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what is at the end of a persuasive speech?
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call to action
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problem solution pattern
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speech points arranged to demonstrate a problem and then to offer a solution.
intro: get attention and involve audience body: offer a solution conclusion: call to action- tell them exactly what they can do |
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problem-causes-solution
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speech points are arranged in order to demonstrate the problem, reasons for the problem, and a solution.
give the speaker more time to explain the problem. |
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Monroe's motivated sequence
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speech points are arranged to motivate listeners to act on something or to shift their listeners attitudes in a certain direction.
1: get attention- make the speech highly relevant to them 2: need-tell them the issue they are faced with and make them want to fix it. psychologically bother them 3: satisfaction- propose a solution and explain what they can do. 4: visualization- provide vizualization of anticipated outcomes with or without action. 5: action: make a direct request from the audience |
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Leadership
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the exercise of interpersonal influence toward the attainment of goals
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direction and influence
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it is not the leaders job to provide these things, every person in the group should be providing these.
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group
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people who have interpersonal relationships with eachother. 3 to 20 people
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group communication
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the process of exchanging messages among a collection of people for the purpose of developing a relationship and accomplishing goals.
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interdependent
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everything you do impacts the group
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big groups are good for what?
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big events.
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small groups are good for what?
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being more personal
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task roles
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recorder, chaser, time keeper...
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interpersonal roles
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styles of relating in the group: harmonizer, gatekeeper...
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counterproductive roles
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people who adopt irrelevant roles: floor hogger, blocker, distracter
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for a productive meeting
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1: call meeting to order ON TIME and end EARLY or on time
2: never call a meeting unless you have to 3. state the agenda. give it to the group in advance so they can come prepared. 4. stay in your time frame (appoint a time keeper) 5. don't be social. appoint a chaser 6. have everyone introduce themselves to release tension |
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agenda
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identifies items to be accomplished during a group meeting
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ethical appeals
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important when an audience does not know you well and you must establish professionalism
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anecdote
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a brief story of real life incedents
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an introduction should
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get attention of the audience, provide a summary of what you will talk about, and a thesis statement
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