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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chytrid fungus
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attacks amphibian skin and is correlated with die-off in Australia and Central America
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Potential causes of amphibian decline
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1. UV radiation
2. Disease 3. Introduced species 4. Pollution (DDT, atrasine, etc) |
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Madagascar
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hotspot for biodiversity
80% of forest is gone conservation efforts for sustainable harvesting have provided model |
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Cost-benefit analysis
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analyzing different scales of geographic, political, and economical factors while trying to obtain the most sustainability
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5 stages of Cost-Benefit Analysis
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1. project definition - what is project and hos will its utility be assessed?
2. impact classification - costs both for people and envrionmentally 3. Conversion into monetary terms - some simply cannot be priced 4. Project assessment - put together info of project definition, impact classification, and monetary conversion 5. Sensitivity analysis - how sensitive are estimates to changes of parameters |
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direct use values
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fishes caught for food, lumber, etc.
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indirect use values
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environment has economic function such as providing clean water, coastal protection
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Nonuse values
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no simple good to consumer relationship
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existence values
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happiness that people get from nature being able to pass it on to the next generation
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total economic value
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represents the entire value of a resource (use and nonuse values)
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environmental impact assessment (EIA)
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an analysis of the total beneficial and negative impacts of a project on the environment
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precautionary principle
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when information about potential risks is incomplete, decisions about future policies should be based on preference for avoiding unneccessary environmental/health risks
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rivet hypothesis
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idea that in a plane, loss of one rivet is not bad but at some point the whole thing falls apart
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degradation vs loss
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degradation - some species affected but not all
loss - all or most species affected |
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habitat fragmentation
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involves reducing area of a habitat type and/or breaking habitat into isolated patches
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habitat degradation
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total conversion from a usable to an unusable habitat type, severe degradation and pollution that makes a habitat more dangerous for and organism to live in
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overexploitation
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includes hunting, collecting, fisheries and bycatch
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invasive species
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species that invade or are introduced to an area where they do not naturally occur
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anthropogenic climate change
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most ominous threat to biodiversity of present era
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bioaccumulation
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magnifying chemicals in the food chain
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ecological extinction
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when a population is reduced to such low levels they no longer interact with other species in the community
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secondary extinctions
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most likely to occur when species rely on a single or few species as pray or critical mutualists
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ecosystem engineers
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strongly modify their habitat and abscence or presence can change a community
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keystone species
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species that has greater impact on its community than expected by the contribution of its overall biomass
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3 categories of IUCN redlist
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Critically endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) |
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Madagascar
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biodiversity hotspot
major focus of conservation |
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instrumental/utilitarian value
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value that something has as means to another's ends (goods, services, and/or info)
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tragedy of the commons
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If a resource can be owned (privately or publicly) and property rights to it can be enforced, then the species will be conserved
"the owner will not kill the goose that lays the golden egg" |
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Cost/Benefit Analysis (CBA)
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looking at different scales, geographically, politically, and economically when determining the value of a resource
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utility
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measure of "well-being"
How much does an individual benefit from some ecosystem resource or function? |
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Five stages of CBA
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1. Project definition - how will utility be assessed?
2. Impact classification - economical and environmental costs 3. Conversion into monetary terms 4. Project assessment - impacts of long and short term in monetary values 5. Sensity analysis - how sensitive are these values to changes in parameter |
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use values
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associated with values that come as a result of contact with, or use of natural resource
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direct use values
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associated with direct use of resources
ie. extraction of timber or fish, recreation |
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indirect use values
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environment performs some service through normal functioning
ie. carbon sequestering, storm protection |
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option value
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value placed on evironmental assests by people who want to secure the use of the good in the future
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existence values
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values that derive simply from the knowledge that a good/resource exists
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total economic value (TEV)
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sum of components of use and nonuse values
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nonuse values
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intrinsic significance in terms of biodiversity, cultural, heritage, aesthetic value
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environmental impact assessment (EIA)
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focus on likely environmental result of project either as part of CBA or separately
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precautionary principle
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if consequences of an action are unknown but might have a high probability of being negative then it is better to not carry out the action
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multi criteria analysis
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provides a formal structure for integrating the results from all other approaches to help choose the best project
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nonsubstitutability
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what features cannot be damaged or substituted
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rivet hypothesis
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idea that a plane can still fly after losing some parts but will come crashing down if lose too many
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habitat degradation
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impacts that affect many but not all species
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habitat loss
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impacts so severe that all species are adversely affected
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3 majors causes of habitat degradation
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agriculture, extraction and development
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Coral bleaching
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(usually) death of coral due to loss of symbionts or associated pigments
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Genetic Drift
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random factors change allele frequencies in a population, eventually resulting in fixation and increased homozygosity
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Methane
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more potent "greenhouse gas" than CO2 but breaks down more quickly
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The collision of an asteriod or other extraterrestrial object, which caused the last major extinction event occured in ______ period
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Cretaceous
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Introduction of brown tree snake has had disastrous ecological effects in:
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Guam
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Madagascar
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located SE coast of Africa
Diversity "hotspot" undergoing massive conservation efforts |
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Utility
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relative satisfaction gained by an individual from consuming a good or service
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Average number of food miles for a food item consumed in US
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1300
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Albedo
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proportion of solar energy reflected back into space by the Earth
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Biotic Resistance Hypothesis
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species rich ecosystems are the most stable and can resist invaders -- idea is that most niches are already occupied
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Allee effect
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concept of population is under a certain threshold size then it is not functional
ie. plants do not have certain population size are not likely to be populated |
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Rivet hypothesis
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similar to scenario of a plane losing a couple parts and it is OK but too many and the plane falls apart
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Ecological footprint
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amount of negative impact a person or situation can have on the environment
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tragedy of the commons
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idea that an owner of an invested resource will likely be sustainable towards its' use
Owner will not kills its' golden goose but humans are not taking care of their environment which should be looked at as the golden goose |
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enhanced greenhouse effect
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additional emission of greenhouse gases by humans that exagerrates global warming by greenhouse effect
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Metapopulation
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consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level
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Sink
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population who does not contribute to overall genetic variation
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Source
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population who contributes to overall genetic variation
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Weather vs. Climate
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weather - day to day events
climate - trends of average temperatures, precipitation, etc |
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5 Steps of CBA
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1. Project definition - goals for project
2. Impact classification - how will project affect enviro and economical aspects 3. Conversion stage to money 4. Project assessment - balancing overall factors 5. Sensitivity analysis - how will this change with parameter dynamics? |
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4 Major impacts of fragmentation
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1) Fragmentation affects extent and connectedness of habitat patches -- different spp. respond differently.
2) Difference btw naturally patchy landscape and artificially patchy one: natural has complex structure that allows movement of genes (whether by indivs, pollen etc.) but heavily fragmented simplifies the structure into accessible vs. non-accessible areas for many spp. 3) Degree of contrast in habitat types often greater in artificially fragmented areas -- "fuzzy" edges vs. sharp divisions may make the difference as to whether spp. can experience gene flow among patches. 4) certain species may respond strongly to particular features of a fragmented landscape -- e.g., bird may cross a road; beetle may not. |
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Characteristics that determine success of invasive species
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1. broad habitat tolerance
2. resistance to hi/lo temperatures 3. disease resistance 4. lack of natural predators 5. novelty - able to exploit an underused niche |
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Current temperature anomaly
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0.6C
highest in 10,000 years |
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Wildlife contraception
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Control populations of deer, birds, etc
IUDs and Immunocontraceptives PROBLEM: expensive vs hunting methods or traditional control |
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Palm Oil Debate
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clean burning biofuels
PROBLEM: potentially devastating to SE Asia's biodiversity due to loss of secondary forests Need for sustainable managment |
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Urban green spaces
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Parks, roof tops, landscapes
Provide corridors for animals between urban areas PROBLEM: expensive, some animals can get trapped in city |
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Human Elephant Conflict
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killing of humans/elephants by each other
Methods to control include electric fences, bees, translocation |
