Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Human Development Report
|
report published by the United Nations which contains the Human Development Index
|
|
|
Human Development Index
|
the UN's index used to rank standards of living in its member countries
|
|
|
standard of living
|
a measure comparing how well people live in different countries based on three indicators: life expectancy, literacy rate, and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
|
|
|
literacy rate
|
the percentage of a population that is able to read and write
|
|
|
GDP per capita
|
gross domestic product, or the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year, divided by the population
|
|
|
non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
|
non-profit local, national, or international groups that work independently of government on issues such as health, the environment, or human rights
|
|
|
infrastructure
|
structures such as roads, railways, power grids, and communications links that are basic to the functioning of a modern economy, as well as buildings such as schools and hospitals
|
|
|
developed countries
|
the world's wealthiest countries; they have well-established infrastructures and their people are well-housed, healthy, and have good literacy skills
|
|
|
newly industrializing countries
|
countries that are experiencing rapid economic and industrial growth; many are switching from agricultural to industrial economies
|
|
|
developing countries
|
countries that have lower standards of living than developed countries; many have extensive poverty
|
|
|
heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs)
|
countries at the low end of the UN Human Development Index that are in debt to developed nations
|
|
|
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
|
eight goals developed by the member states of the United Nations to close the gap in living standards between developed and developing countries
|
|
|
mortality
|
death rate, calculated as number of deaths per 1000 people in a population
|
|
|
malnutrition
|
poor, or lack of, nourishment
|
|
|
globalization
|
the spread of ideas, information, and culture around the world through advances in communication, technology, and travel
|
|
|
multinational corporations (MNCs)
|
companies that do business in more than one country
|
|
|
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
|
a large trading bloc of countries in North America (Canada, United States, and Mexico)
|
|
|
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
|
a large trading bloc of eastern Asian countries
|
|
|
World Bank
|
an international group of five financial institutions that provide financial and technical help to developing countries
|
|
|
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
|
originally created as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) to administer the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe after the Second World War, OECD's mission is to improve living standards in developing countries
|
|
|
low income cut-off (LICO)
|
household that spends more than 70 percent of its income on food, clothing, and shelter
|
|
|
National Council of Welfare (NCW)
|
a federal government agency that uses after-tax income to measure poverty
|
|
|
war on poverty
|
the phrase that U.S. government declared when it chose a set income figure to define poverty
|
|
|
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
|
an international organization designed to promote economic stability and development
|
|
|
megaproject
|
a very large-scale, costly project to help develop infrastructure, such as building roads, dams, or irrigation systems
|
|
|
commodities
|
goods or services that are bought or sold
|
|
|
structural adjustment programs (SAPs)
|
programs designed by the World Bank and IMF to adjust the ecocnomies of developing countries as a condition of receiving loans
|
|
|
Marshall Plan
|
an American program for rebuilding Western Europe and its economy after the war
|
|
|
International Development Association (IDA)
|
the organization that launched HIPC Initiative with International Monetary Fund (IMF)
|
|
|
bilateral aid
|
assistance from one country to another
|
|
|
off-shore farming
|
a practice in which wealthy countries with little agricultural land or water purchase or lease farmland from poor countries; food is grown and then shipped back to the country that owns the land
|
|
|
subsistence farming
|
a form of farming in which the crops grown are used to feed the farmer and his or her family, with little or nothing left over to sell or trade
|
|
|
desertification
|
the spread of desert-like conditions in an area, sometimes caused by human activity
|
|
|
Progress of Nations Report (PNR)
|
the report on the welfare of children published by UNICEF; it launched the 21st century with a new index that measures the risk for children in countries worldwide on a scale of 0 to 100.
|
|
|
under-five mortality rate (U5MR)
|
UNICEF's main measure of human development
|
|
|
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
|
a UN organization that works to protect children's rights, to make sure the basic needs of children are met and to help children reach their full potential; originally called United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
|
|
|
ethnic cleansing
|
the elimination of one ethnic group from an area by another ethnic group
|
|
|
bonded labour (debt bondage)
|
paying off a loan with labour rather than money; bonded labourers often work for very little pay and their labour is worth more than the original debt
|
|
|
subsidies
|
grants from the government, intended to help people
|
|
|
World Health Organization (WHO)
|
a UN agency that coordinates international health activities and helps governments improve health services
|
|
|
malaria
|
a deadly infectious disease common in tropical climates, transmitted to humans by the mosquito
|
|
|
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
|
a UN organization that helps build peace, fight poverty, and promote sustainable developemtn through education, the sciences, culture, communication, and information
|
|
|
foreign aid
|
aid from rich, industrialized countries to poorer, developing countries
|
|
|
official development assistance (ODA)
|
aid given to developing countries through official government programs to promote economic development and the welfare of the people
|
|
|
multilateral aid
|
aid delivered through international organizations such as the UN and the World Bank
|
|
|
tied aid
|
aid given to a foreign country with conditions attached
|
|
|
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
|
Canada's leading development agency for assistance to the developing world
|
