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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Deviance |
actions which deviate from the norms and values of society |
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Crime |
a form of deviance that breaks the law |
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Secret/private deviance |
deviance conducted in private which is often concealed from wider society |
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Open/public deviance |
deviance conduced in public which is not concealed from wider society |
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Individual deviance |
the deviant behaviour of an individual |
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Collective deviance |
the deviant behaviour of a group of people |
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Societal deviance |
behaviour which is seen as deviant by most members of society |
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Situational deviance |
behaviour which may be seen as deviant in one situation but not another |
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Social control |
methods of controlling peoples behaviour encouraging them to conform to societys norms and values and discouraging deviant and criminal behaviour |
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Formal methods of social control |
institutions specifically set up to enforce social control, especially those which create and enforce the law (e.g. police) |
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Informal methods of social control |
institutions and groups which are not directly concerned with enforcing social control yet still play an important part in controlling the behaviour of others (e.g. family, peer group) |
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Anomie |
a state of normlessness where norms no longer direct behaviour |
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Collective conscience |
a term used by Durkheim to describe the core, shared values of society |
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Status frustration |
dissatisfaction and frustration with the status and respect given by others |
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Subculture |
distinctive norms and values shared by a group within society. these norms and values differ from those of mainstream culture |
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Relative deprivation |
the way so-called deprivation is seen or perceived by those experiencing it. this is usually done by comparing their situation to others |
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Techniques of neutralisation |
techniques which neutralise the blame for actions which are defined as wrong or unacceptable by society's norms and values |
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Subterranean values |
values which are only expressed in particular situations |
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Police recorded crime |
crimes recorded by the police from which official statistics on crime are drawn |
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Victim study/survey |
a study of the victims of crime, usually asking people to report the crimes that have been committed against them, or any other member of the household, during the previous year |
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British crime survey |
annual victimisation survey carried out by the home office |
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Self-report study |
a survey which respondents report on the offences they have committed over a period of time |
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Report victimisation |
where people are victims of the same crime more than once |
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Tipping |
the process by which an area moves from predominately law-abiding to predominately accepting antisocial behaviour |
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White-collar crime |
the crimes of people in white-collar occupations, includes occupational crime and corporate crime |
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Occupational crime |
crimes committed by employees at the expense of the organisation |
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Corporate crime |
crimes committed on behalf of and for the benefit of the organisation |
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State crime |
crime committed by the state of by agencies of the state on behalf of the state |
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Transnational crime |
criminal activity that crosses national boundaries |
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Glocal system |
where a group operates at both local and global levels |
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Primary deviance |
deviant acts which have not been publicly labelled |
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Secondary deviance |
acts which have been publicly labelled as deviant and the deviance that is generated by this label |
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Societal reaction |
the reaction of others to an individual in the case of crime, the reaction of others to someone labelled a deviant |
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Master status |
a status which overrides all other statuses and is most important, the status in terms of which a person is seen as by others (e.g. criminal) |
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Self-fulfilling prophecy |
a prophecy which comes to pass simply because it is made, the prophecy therefore fulfills itself |
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Delinquency |
the criminal behaviour of young people |
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Moral panic |
outrage stirred up by the media about a particular group or issue |
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Deviancy amplification |
a process in which deviance is increased by societal reaction particularly due to media response |
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Folk devils |
groups associated with moral panics who are seen as trouble makers by the media |
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Multi-agency intervention |
a number of agencies cooperating to focus on the solution to a problem |
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Altruistic suicide |
suicide that occurs when individuals are so strongly integrated into society that they take their own lives out of sense of duty |
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Fatalistic suicide |
suicide that occurs when individuals are so strongly regulated that they can see no way out of their situation other than suicide |
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Egoistic suicide |
suicide that occurs when there is little integration in society, when the ties that bind individuals into social groups are very weak |
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Anomic suicide |
suicide that results from a lack of regulation of peoples desires and expectations |
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Social cohesion |
the extent to which a society is held together by shared culture and norms |
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Social integration |
the extent to which people feel they 'belong' to a society or social group |
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Hegemony |
the ideas and values of the ruling class that dominate thinking in society |
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Institutional racism |
racism that is built into the normal practices of an organisation |
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Macpherson inquiry |
Sir William Macpherson led an inquiry into the events surrounding the murder of Stephen Lawrence by white racists and the subsequent police investigation of this murder |
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Marginalised |
those who are pushed to the edge, or margins, of society in cultural economic or status terms |
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Non-utilitarian crime |
crime which is not directed to monetary gain e.g. vandalism |
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Illegitimate opportunity structure |
a structure which provides illegal opportunities for monetary gain |
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Immediate gratification |
the immediate satisfaction of wants and desires |
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Target hardening |
reducing the physical opportunities for offending by 'hardening' the targets of crime e.g. more secure buildings |
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Surveillance |
close observation, particularly of suspected persons |
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Incapacitation |
making someone incapable of doing something. in crime, using imprisonment to prevent offenders from committing crimes during their length of stay |
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Deterrence |
discouraging or preventing a person from doing something for fear of the consequences e.g. using prison as a deterrent for law breaking |
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Rehabilitation |
restoring someone to normal life e.g. restoring offenders to law-abiding citizens |
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Chivalry thesis |
term used to suggest that the criminal justice system may treat women more leniently than men |
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Green crime |
illegal acts that damage the environment |
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Night-time economy |
a leisure industry has developed at night in certain parts of the inner cities, providing the location of many offences |
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Cyber crime |
illegal acts using the internet |
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Genocide |
mass killing |
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Zone of transition |
an area with a shifting population - people moving in or out |