Criminology Test 1

the study of crime and any act that is in violation of the law. Actions and laws that goes against society. Crimes are socially constructed

a formula society imposes and enforces

because laws govern our behaviour. We want peace and order in society

conformity to the norms and values in society as well as an adoption of a belief system learned through the process of socialization. This from of social control is formed through peers, families, teachers

made up of efforts to bring up conformity to the law by agents of the criminal justice system, police, courts and prisons

experts/ specialists who work in the field of collecting and examining physical evidence for a criminal case. Forensic examiner, crime-science photographer, crime-laboratory technician, crime scene investigator, polygraph operator, ballistic experts

work on the day to day basis on criminal justice system : judges, defence attorneys, correctional officer.

1. Why does crime exist

2. what influences criminal behaviour

3. Why do crime rates vary

4. Why is there a variation in public perception of crime

5. Review of the current laws

6. Understanding criminal events

7. Reduce crimes

there are many different factors and social problems that leads to crime causation. Some criminologist think it serves a puropous of creating jobs, helps create boundaries of what is acceptable in society

have to do with the psychological makeup of the individual, the personality. Something deep down into the person’s psyche and personality

are biological components that could have led them to commit the crime. They’re genes and social forces. The individual is a product of their environment

crime statistics let us know what is going on, crime rated tells a story, it is data storytelling. What influences a certain crime to be more recurrent during a certain period of time? They also help dig deeper and find the root or the causes of the problem and shed a light om what is happening in society

the media supposed to inform us about what is going on out there. But it can be harmful since it brings fear in the public and our perception can change how we view crime: the study of public perception of crime

we want to make sure laws are working in society. It is important to reevaluate laws and norms in society since It is constantly changing as the mentality

victim precipitated offences, sometimes we can see that victims could contribute to their own victimization

1. When the victimization occurs because it is out of our control ( wrong place wrong time)

2. sometimes you are targeted for who you are and nothing you have done. They are usually hate crime which are crimes were criminals will use to send a message to that targeted community of the victim. Hate crimes are usually done out of a feeling of injustice and hate

1. Suppression of crime : forcibly put something to an end fast. It may put an end to a false situation by putting individuals in jail but will not solve crimes

2. Prevention: doing good solid research on a particular problem and offering solutions to help find the risk factors. Community reach for help

3. Intervention: address the crime problem fast and offer solutions that we know will help and work. An effective method

crime is the manifestation of underlying social problems, like poverty , discrimination etc. it says that crime exist because we have social problems that have not been addressed in society or have yet to be prioratized by the goverment. Thus the goverment should be the one to blame and find solutions to solve these social problems

individuals are fundamentally responsible for their own behaviour. They choose crime over other more law-biding courses of actions. Focuses on individual offenders. Hold the individual accountable for their actions, because not all individuals who comes from social problems end up committing crimes. Beliefs in individualized rehability works and can only work as far and that the law needs to be taugher

make a study in public perception of deviance and what do people perceive as deviant in society.

based on his study he learned that deviance is relative ( in the eyes of the beholder) and based on stereotypes and that time and location matters. The social context. What is considered deviant will be criminalized

these are folkways, they are customary ways to behave in society

any act that is in violation of the law. Crime is socially constructed

Extremely harmful, society demands the most severe punishment such as prison and capital punishment: murder/attempted murder, sex trafficking/human trafficking, sexual assault/pedophilia, robbery, abduction/forcible confinement, extortion , mass murder/perjury

debatable and can be viewed as somewhat harmful. Debatable, high-level of disagreement in society. Debate in incarceration or not and if these crimes should still be criminalized: sex work, drug possession (weed) and its distribution. Polygamy ( bigamy), medical assistance in dying, abortion

potentially harmful. The primary focus should be on treatments of the individuals/offenders : substance use and addiction, juvenile delinquency ( vandalism, underage drinking) mental illness

nore relatively harmless, nor illegal just sometimes out of societies norms. Society demands no punishment and varies on the actions or behaviour.

lady justice is not influenced by those who stand before her. She does not see class, race or gender distinctions. She dispenses blind justice, the law claims to be imperial, neutral and objective like lady justice. The blindfold represents the impartial objective, the scale the weighting of the evidence on both side : trial, the sword the power and authority to dispense justice quickly. This principle tells us how the justice system should work

the first body of law that categorized laws, specifically based on injustice. Retribution is still seen in our criminal justice and retribution is a harsh system based on revenge. This idea is that if we impose a very harsh system, it will straighten out perpetrators

It was the rise of individual rights. We are rational beings and need to Crete a goverment that outs upfront the people. Talked about social responsibility: goverment should represent the population and their wants. The charter of rights and freedom comes from this political revolution

punishment should fit the crime. Society requires specific laws in place detailing penalties for each crime. This will prevent people from committing crimes. Punishment should be imposed following the commission of the crime. Deterrence would serve as crime prevention

cesarare bacteria

the earliest form of record in Canada stating the death penalty was in 1767. Reasons why it was abolished

1. It did not serve as a good retroact, did not reduce crimes

2. Unconstitutional, found it was a violation of the individuals rights of life

3. Too many wrongful convictions

those that have the authority to create, append and modify the law

laws created by parliament and apply to everyone in canada. It covers the criminal law, immigration law, governance and banking laws. Income tax and firearms laws and exports and import regulations

All province has does laws. provincial statutory laws apply to everyone living in the same province: educational laws, family and employment laws. Health care laws and regulation of motor vehicles

local and municipal governments makes bylaws which deals with local issues that cover all of the people living in the same municipality: parking permits, lawn-watering bylaws and disturbing the peace

is concerned with matters that affect society as a whole: constitutional laws, common law and criminal laws

all Canadian laws must conform to the constitutional act. The goal is to ensure peace, order and good goverment. The human rights law is the protection of human rights

this occurs when there is the killing of 3 or more individuals at a single location without a cooling off period. The weapons usually used are semi-automatic weapons, military style (gets the job done). Typically mass shooters does not care about themselves and kill themselves afterwards. The motives are usually based on feelings of injustice and hate. Mental illness represents only 1% if mass shooters

the intentional or threatened application of force on another person without their consent

minimal type of assualt that requires the least amount of physical injuries; spitting, slapping, shoving, pushing

involves carrying, using or threatning to used a weapon against a person or causing bodily harm. Penalty indictibale offence- liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years or punishable by summary conviction

aggravated assualt: assaultt that caused serious physical injuries that could be life threatening : liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years

assualt is accounted for 54% of violent offences in canada and 67% of assault cases are classifies as class 1

profile: mostly males, amoughts youth 12-17. In 2017 most assaults were committed by females and unlike sexual assault victims are both genders

Purdue pharmaceutical bridged opioid to the market like oxycontin…….

a criminal act motivated by predjudice/hate towards a person or an identifiable group

the police reported 3,576 criminal incidents motivated by hate in canada. The number of police-reported hate crimes increased by 7% compared with the previous year

everyone has the right to life liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived there of except in accordance with the principle of fundamental justice

everyone has a right to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure

1. Search warrant: a warrant is a legal order usually referred as an ITO that is approved and issued by a judge. A search warrant has an expiration date

2. Sometimes searches can happen without a warrant but officers need to demonstrate that they proceeded om the basis of reasonable suspicion backed up by objectifiable evidence. Objective evidence means that their is objective evidence that a crime occurred or will be committed

11: proceedings in criminal and penal ,matters ( any person charged with an offence has rights)

11.b.: to be tries within reasonable time (Jordan rule)

11.d.: to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal

treatment or punishment: everyone has the right not to be subjected to any cruel and unusual treatment or punishment

a system of formal laws based on legal precedent

regulates actions that have the potential to har, the interest of the state

1. Indictable

2. Summary conviction

3. Hybrid offences

Serious criminal offences, defendant must appear in court and cases are heard before a federal appointed judge

usually carry a lengthy prison sentence