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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Epimysium |
Fibrous connective that covers all muscles
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Tendon
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Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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Bone Periosteum
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Outer part of bone
Where muscle tendon attaches to the bone |
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Proximal
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Closer to the Trunk
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Distal
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Farther from the Trunk
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Superior
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Closer to the head
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Inferior
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Closer to the feet
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Origin
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Proximal (towards the center) attachment of a muscle
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Insertion
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Distal (away from center) attachment of a muscle
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Muscle Fibers
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Muscle Cells
Muscle cells running the length of the entire muscle - cylindrical cells - multi nuclei |
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Fasciculi
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Muscle fiber bundles or groups
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Perimysium
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Connective tissue surrounding fasciuli
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Endomysium
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Connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber
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Sarcolemma
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Muscle fiber's cell membrane
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Motor Neuron
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Nerve Cell that innervates a muscle fiber
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Neuromuscular Junction
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Junction between motor neuron and muscle fiber
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Motor Unit
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A Motor Neuron and the Muscle Fibers it innervates
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Sarcoplasm
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The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Contains: - Contractile Components (proteins, fats, enzymes, glycogen, mitochondria, SR) |
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Myofibrils
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In sarcoplasm
Contain contraction apparatus - Actin - Myosin |
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Myofilaments
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Myosin
Actin |
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Cross Bridges (Myosin)
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Globular Heads of the myosin filaments the protrude to attach to Actin
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Actin
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The two strands with the double-helix shape
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Sarcomere
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Both myosin and actin filaments that are organized longitudinally
Smallest contractile unit in skeletal muscle |
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A-Band
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The dark filament
Corresponds to the alignment of the Myosin Fillaments |
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I-Band
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Corresponds with the areas in two adjacent sarcomeres
Contain only actin filaments |
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Z-Line
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In the middle of I-Band
Appears as a thin, dark line Runs Longitudinally |
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H-Zone
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Area in the center of a sarcomere
Only myosin present |
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
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Intricate tubules surrounding each myofibril
Terminates as vesicles in the vicinity of Z-lines Stores Calcium + Ions (controls muscle contraction) |
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T-Tubules
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Run perpendicular to the SR
Terminate in the vicinity of Z-lines between vesicles |
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Triad
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The pattern of T-Tubules spaced between/perpendicular to 2 SR's
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Action Potential
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An Electrical nerve impulse
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Action Potential w/ Muscle Contraction
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Action Potential from MU
> Releases Ca+ from SR to myofibril > Tension in Muscle |
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Sliding-Filament Theory
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States that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber
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Troponin
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A protein that is situated at regular intervals along the Actin filaments
Has high affinity for Ca+ |
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Tropomyosin
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Runs along the length of actin filament
In the grooves of the double-helix |
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Cross-Bridge/Force Pro Relationship
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The number of Cross-Bridges that are attached to actin filaments dictate the Force Production of a muscle
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Resting Phase (Muscle)
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Little Ca+
Little cross-bridges |
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase (Muscle)
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Action Potential
> Ca+ Release > Cross Bridging > Force Production |
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Contraction Phase (Muscle)
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Ca+ and ATP are necessary for Myosin Cross-Bridging with Actin
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Acetylcholine
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Neurotransmitter
Diffuses across NM-Junction Causes excitation of Sarcolemma |
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All-Or-Nothing Principle
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Fibers all fire or they don't despite action potential strength/weakness
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Twitch
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The short period of activation of a muscle fiber within a MU after an AP reaches it
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Tetanus
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When twitches begin to merge and eventually completely fuse
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Slow-Twitch
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MU's develop force and relax slowly
Long twitch time |
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Fast-Twitch
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MU's develop force and relaxes rapidly
Slow twitch time |
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Type I
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Slow-Twitch
More efficient Fatigue Resistant High Capacity for Aerobic E+ supply Limited potential for Rapid Force Development Low ATPase activity and Low Anaerobic power |
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Type IIa/IIb
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Fast-Twitch
Inefficient and fatigable Low Aerobic Power Rapid Force Development High Actomyosin acitivites |
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Type IIx
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Human muscle fibers
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Motor Unit Recruitment
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MU's are composed of Fibers with specific Morphological/physiological characteristics that determine their functional capacity
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Recruitment
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The number of MU's activated
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Change in Force Production
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Change in frequency of activation of individual motor units
Change in Number of Activated Motor Units |
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Preloading
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Muscle fibers that are active early in the range of motion will not be fully activated unless the muscle is Loaded Prior to Muscle Action
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Proprioceptors
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Specialized sensory receptors
Located in: - Joints - Muscles - Tendons Sensitive to: - Pressure - Tension Responsible for: - Kinesthetic Sense - Conscious Appreciation of Body Position - Muscle tone - Complex Coordinated Movements |
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Muscle Spindles
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Proprioceptors in modified muscle fibers in the sheath of connective tissues
Provide Info On: - Muscle Length - Rate of Change in Length |
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Intrafusal Fibers
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Modified Muscle Fiber with the Muscle Spindle attached to it
Run parallel to normal Fibers |
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Extrafusal Fibers
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Normal Muscle Fibers
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Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
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Proprioceptors located in the Tendons of muscles
Attached end-to-end with Extrafusal muscle fibers Sense tension in the Muscle - If tension is in excess, the GTO kicks in and inhibits the muscle tension |
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Sarcopenia
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Reduced muscle Size and Strength
Result of aging or inactivity |
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Heart
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muscular organ comprised of two interconnected but separate pumps; the right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, and the left side pumps blood through the rest of the body.
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Atrium
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Left and Right
Deliver blood into the Right/Left Ventricles |
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Ventricles
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Left and Right
Supply the main force of blood through: - Pulmonary - Peripheral Circulations |
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Chambers of the Heart
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Atria
Ventricles |
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Prevents Flow of Blood from the Ventricles back into the Atria During Systole
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Tricuspid Valve
Mitral Valve (bicuspid) Atrioventricular Valves (AV) |
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Systole
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Ventricular Contraction
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Prevents Backflow from the Aorta and Pulmonary Arteries into the Ventricles during Diastole
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Aortic Valve
Pulmonary Valve (Semilunar Valves) |
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Diastole
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Ventricular Relaxation
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Sinoartrial Node (SA)
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The intrinsic pacemaker-where rhythmic electrical impulses are initiated
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Atrioventricular Node (AV)
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Where impulses is delayed slightly before passing into ventricles
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Atroventricular Bundle (AV)
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Conducts the impulse to the Ventricles and L/R Bundle Branches
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Purkinje Fibers
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Conducts Impulses to all parts of the Ventricles
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Myocardium
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Heart Muscle
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Parasympathetic
Sympathetic Nervous Systems |
Components of the Autonomic Nervous Systems
Takes control of rhythm from Medulla of the brain and transmits to heart |
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Sympathetic Nervous System (Heart)
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Accelerates Depolarization
Causes the heart to beat faster |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System (Heart)
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Slow SA node discharge
Causes the heart to beat slower |
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Bradycardia
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Fewer than 60 bpm
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Tachycardia
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>100 bpm
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Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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Graphic Representation of electric activity of the heart recorded at the surface of the body
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P-Wave
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Generated by the Changes in Electrical Potential of Cardiac Muscle Cells that Depol that Atria and result in Atrial Contraction
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Depolarization
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The Reversal of the Membrane Electrical Potential
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QRS Complex (ECG)
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Generated by the Electrical Potential that Depols the Ventricles and results in Ventricular Contraction
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T-Wave (ECG)
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Caused by the Electrical Potential Generated as the Ventricles recover from the state of Depol
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Repolarization
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Occurs in the Ventricular muscle shortly after Depol
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Arterial System
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Carries blood away from the Heart
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Venous System
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Returns Blood toward the Heart
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Arteries
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Rapidly transport blood pumped from the Heart
Have strong muscular walls, to withstand high pressure of blood from heart |
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Arterioles
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Small Branches of Arteries
Act as control vessels through which Blood enter |
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Capillaries
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Function is to exchange:
- Fluid - Nutrients - Electrolytes - Hormones - Other Substances Between the blood and interstitial fluid in the various tissues in the body |
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Venules
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Collect blood from the capillaries and gradually converge into Veins
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Veins
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Transport blood back to the heart
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Cardiovascular System Function
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Transport nutrients and removes waste products
Helps to maintain the Environment for all the body functions Transports O2 from lungs to Tissues Transports CO2 from tissues to Lungs |
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Hemoglobin
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Part of the Blood that transports O2
Iron-Protein Molecule in RBC's Acid Base Buffer |
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Red Blood Cells
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Major component of Blood
Contain Carbonic Anhydrase (catalyzes CO2 and H2O to remove CO2) |
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Respiratory System (Function)
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Basic exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
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Trachea
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First-Generation Respiratory Passage
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Bronchi
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Left/Right
Second Generation Respiratory Passage |
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Brochiloes
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All additional generations of Air Passage Alveoli
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Alveoli
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The location of gas exchange in Respiration
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Pleural Pressure
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Pressure in the narrow space between the Lung Pleura and Chest Wall
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Pleura
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Membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the chest walls
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Alveolar Pressure
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The pressure inside the Alveoli when the Glottis is open and no air is flowing into/out of Lungs
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Diffusion
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Random motion of molecules moving in Opposite Direction through the Alveolar Capillary Membrane
From High Concentration to Low Concentration |