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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the Criteria of Stratification
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wealth, power and prestige
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Egalitarian Society
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societies that recognize few differences in status wealth and power.
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Why is inequality discouraged among foragers?
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Everyone in the society can help to bring in food and other resources
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Rank Societies
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societies in which people have unequal access to prestige and status but equal access to wealth and power. Based on kinship
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Stratified Societies
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Chracterized by considerable inequality in all forms of social rewards; power wealth and prestige
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class v. caste
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class: social position achieved, system of stratification open, Example America
Caste: social position ascribed, system of stratification closed, Example India |
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Caste System in Traditional India
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Brahmins (priests and scholars)
Kshatriyas (warriors) Vaisya (merchants) Shudras (cultivators and Servants) |
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Sanskritization
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upward social mobility
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Social Class in the United States
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Social Mobility
American Dream Social Classes as subcultures |
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What is the Functionalist Interpretation of Social Stratification?
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it exists because it contributes to the overall well-being of a society
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What is the Conflict Theory Interpretation?
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results from the constant struggle for scarce goods and services between the owners and the workers
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Objective aspects of ethnicity
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observable culture and shared system of a particular group
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Subjective Aspects
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the internal beliefs of the people regarding their shared ancestry
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Pluralism
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2 or more groups living in harmony without losing their culture
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Assimilation
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minority groups give up their cultures to fit into the more dominant group
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Ethnic relations in the US (3 tiers)
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white protestants
other white population blacks Hispanics American Indians |
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Band
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A small group of people related by blood or marriage, who live together and are loosely associated with a territory in which they forage
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Tribe
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A range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, cultures, and territory
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Chiefdom
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a society with social ranking in which political integration is achieved through an office of centralized leadership called the chief
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State
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A hierarchical centralized form of political organization in which a central government has a legal monopoly over the use of force
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What are the three state systems that have risen?
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Voluntaristic Theory
Hydraulic Theory Coercive Theory |
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Autocracy
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a form of government that is controlled by a leader who holds absolute power and denies popular participation in decision making
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Democracy
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A type of political system that involves popular participation in decision making
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What are the informal means of social control?
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corporate lineages, public opinion, ancestor worship, age organization
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Corporate Lineages
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Kinship groups whose member engage in daily activities together
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Oaths
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The practice of having god bear witness to the truth of what a person says
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Ordeal
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a painful and possibly life-threatening test inflicted on someone suspected of doing wrong
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What are 4 reasons for warfare?
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social problems
perceived threats political motivations moral objections |
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What are Formal Means of Social Control?
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Song Duel
Intermediaries Moots |
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Song Duel
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the use of song and lyrics to determine ones guilt or innocence for wife stealing among the Inuit people
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Intermediates
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Leapard-Skin chief in the Nuer
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Moots
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Informal hearings of disputes for the purpose of resolving conflicts
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Function of Art
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Emotional Gratification
Social Integration Social Control preserving or challenging the status quo |
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Types of Visual Arts
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Graphic Art
Plastic Art Architecture Weaving Tattooing |
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Graphic Art
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forms of Art that include painting and drawing on various surfaces
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Plastic Art
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artistic expression that involves molding certain forms
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Types of Verbal Arts
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Folklore
Folktales |
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Folklore
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unwritten, verbal arts that can take a variety of forms
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What are two types of Folklore?
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Myth-a sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence
Legend- a story about a memorable event or figure handed down by tradition and told as true but without historical evidence |
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Folktales
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Stories from the past that are instructive, entertaining and largely secular in nature
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What are three examples of performing arts?
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Music
Dance Theater |
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Religion
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A set of Beliefs in supernatural beings and forces directed at helping people make sense of the world and solve important problems
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Worldview
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the collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality
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Animism
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Belief that people have souls or spirits in addition to physical, visible bodies
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polytheism
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The belief in the exsistence of many gods
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monotheism
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the belief in only one god
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animatism
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belief in a generalized, impersonal power over which people have some measure of control
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Magic
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a system of supernatural beliefs that involves the manipulation of supernatural forces for the purpose of intervening in a wide range of human activities and natural events
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Imitative Magic
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The belief that imitating an action in a religious ritual will cause the action to happen in the material world
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Contagious Magic
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The belief that things once in contact with a person or object retain an invisible connection with that person or object
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Religion v. Magic
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Religion
-Human Existence -Petition of supernatural powers -Group Activity -Specified Time -Officially recognized functionaries Magic -Immediate Problems -Manipulation of supernatural forces -Individual endeavor -Irregularity -Wide variety of practitioners |
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Witchcraft
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An inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious capacity to cause harm to other people
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Sorcery
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The performance of certain magical rites for the purpose of harming other people
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Social Functions of Religion
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Social Control
Conflict resolution Reinforcement of group solidarity |
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Psychological functions of Religion
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Cognitive/Intellectual function
Emotional Function |
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Four Types of Religious Organization
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Individualistic
Shamanistic Communal Ecclesiastical |
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Individualistic
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The least complex form of religious organization in which each person is his/her own religious specialists (do it yourself religion)
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Shamanistic
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Forms of religion in which part time religious specialists called shamans intervene with the deities on behalf of their clients
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Communal
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Societies in which groups of ordinary people conduct religious ceremonies for the well-being of the total community
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Ecclesiastical
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Highly complex religious system employing full-time priests
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Vision Quest
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Found in Individualistic cults it is a ritual wherein through visions people establish special relationships with spirits who provide them with knowledge power and protection
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Religion among the Oijbwa
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Focus on the relationship with "the grandfathers" dreaming, fasting and visions i
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Shamans
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part-time religious specialists who are thought to have supernatural power by virtue of birth, training or inspiration
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Rite of Passage
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found in communal cults, three parts: separation, transition and incorporation
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Priest
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Found in Ecclesiastical Cults
one who is formally elected, appointed, or hired to a full-time religious office |
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Religion Among Aztecs
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Example of Ecclesiastical Cult
Priesthood Hierarchy Human sacrifice and cannibalism |
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Various Approaches to Globalization
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internationalization
liberalization Universalization Westernization Deterritorialization/ respatialization |
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Internationalization
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cross-border exchange between nations
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Liberalization
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removing government-imposed restrictions
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Deterritorialization/respatialization
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reconfiguration of social geography with increased transplanetary connections between people
flow of 5 things: people technology capital image idea |
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Four main reasons for globalization
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rationalism
capitalism technological renovation regulation |
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Modernization Theory
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-Modernization is a universal process
-preconditions for modernization: education foreign aid -First second and third world countries |
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Dependence Theory
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Developed vs. Developing Countries
-Undeveloped countries are taken over by developed ^imperialism |
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World System Theory
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core, semi-periphery, periphery
A dynamic system |
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Commodity Chain
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a network of labor and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity (world system theory)
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Types of Cultural Changes
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Invention/Innovation
Diffusion Acculturation |
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Invention/Innovation
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Variation as basis
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Diffusion
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more popular because its more convenient
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Acculturation
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A specific form of cultural diffusion in which a subordinate culture adopts many of the cultural traits of a more powerful culture
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Processes of Long-term Cultural Change
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Intensification
Specialization Centralization Stratification and inequality Settlement nucleation |
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Demographic Transition
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A rapid increase in a society's population with the onset of industrialization followed by a leveling off the growth rate.
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