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181 Cards in this Set
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Holistic/holism
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In anthropology an approach that consdiers culture, history, language, and biology essential to a complete understaning of human society.
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Society
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A group of people who depend on one another for survival or well-being as well as the relationship amoung such people, including their status and roles.
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Culture
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The learned behaviors and symbols that allow people to live in groups. The primary means by which humans adapt to their environment. The way of life characteristics of a particular human society.
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Cultural anthropology
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The study of numan thought, meaning, and behavior that is learned rather than gentically transmitterd,a nd that is typical of groups of people.
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Ethnohistory
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Description of the cultural past based on written records, interviews, and arhceology.
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Linguistic anthropology
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A branch of linguistics concerned with understanding language and its relation to culture
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Hisorical linguists
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Study realtionships amoun languages to better understant the histories and migrations of those who speak them.
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Archeology
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The subdisciline of anthropology that focuses on the reconstrucion of past cultures based on their material remains
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prehistoric
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societies for which we have no usable written records
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features
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artifacts that cannot easily be moved, such as ruins of buildings, burials,and fire pits
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urban archaeology
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The archaeological investiation of current-day cities
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cultural resource management
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the protections and management of archaeological, archival, and architectural resources
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biologial anthropology
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the subdiscipline of anthrpology that studies people feoma biological persepective, focsuing primarily on aspects of humankind that are gentically inheritied. It includes osteology, nutrition, demography, epidemiology, and primatology.
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paleoanthropolgy
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The subdiscipline of anthropolgy concerned with tracing the evolution of humankind int he fossil record
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Human variation
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the subdiscipline of anthropolgy concerned with mapping and explaining physical differences amoung modern human groups
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primate
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A member of a bilogical order or mammals that includs human beings, apes and monkeys as well as prosimians
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applied antrhopolgy
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The application of anthropology to the slution of human problems
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indigenous peoples
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Groups of people who have occupied a region for a long time and are recognised by other groups as its original inhabitants. indeigenous peoples ar often minorities with little influence in the govt of the nation-state that controls their land
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medical anthropolgy
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the study of illness and health across cultures. the application an ethnographic and holistic perspective to the provision of health care services
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forensic anthropoligy
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the application of biologial anthropolgy to the identification of skeletlized of badly decomposed human remains
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ethnocentrism
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judging other cultures from th perspective of ones own culture. the notion that ones own culture is more beatutiful, rational, and nearer to perfection than any other
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anomie
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a situation where social or moral norms are confused or entirely absent; often caused by rapid social change
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racism
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the belief that some human populations are superior to other because of inherited, gentically transmimtted characteristics
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biopsychological equality
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the notion that all human groups have the same bioligical and mental capabilities
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cultural relativism
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the notion that a culture should not be judged or evaluation accoring to the values of another culture. they must be analyzed with reference to their own histories and culture traits understood in terms of the culture whole.
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emic
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examining society using concepts, categories, and distinctions that are meaningful to member of that culture
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etic
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examining society using concepts, categores, and rules dervied from science; an outsiders perspective which produces analyses that members of the society being studied may not find meaningful
OUTSIDE |
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ethnography
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the major research tool of cultural anthropolgy; includes both fieldwork amoung people in a society and the written results of fieldwork
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fieldwork
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the firsthand, systematic exploration of a society. it involves living with a group of people and participating in and oberving their behavior
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participant-obeservation
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the fieldwork technique that involves gathering cultural data by observing peoples behavior and participating in their lives
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consultant
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a person from who anthropolgists gather data
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key consultant
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a person particurally knowledgable about his or her culture who is a moajor source of the anthropologists information
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genealogy
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a family history; a chart of family relatinships
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positivism
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a philosophical system concerned with positive facts and phenomena and excluding speculation on origins or ultimate causes
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empirical science
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an approach to understanding phenomena based on attempts to observe and record a presumed objective reality
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ethonographic method
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the intensive study of a particular society and culture as the baiss for generating anthropological theory
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postmodernism
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a theoretial perspective focusing on issues of power and voice. postmodernists sugges that anthropolical accounts are partial truths reflecting the background, training, and social position of their authors.
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androcentric bias
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the distortion in theory and ethnography caused by excessive focus on male activiities or male perceptions of female activities
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cross-cultural survey
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a research method that uses statistical correlations of traits from many different cultures to thest generalization about culture and human behavior
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human relations area file
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an thornographics databased including cultural descriptions of more than 300 cultures
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random sample
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a selection of items from a total set, chosen on a random or unbiased, basis
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native anthropologist
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an anthro who does filedwork in his or her own culture
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collaborative ethnography
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ethnography that gives priority to cultural consultants on the topic, methdology, and written results of ethnogrpahic reserach
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symbol
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something that stasnds for something else; central to culture
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culture and personality theorists
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anthros who examine the theoretical perspective that focuses on culture as the principla force in shaping the typical personality of a society as well as on the role of personality in the maintenance of cultural instituions
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ethnoscience
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a theoretial approach that focuses on the ways in which members of a culture cassify their wolrd and holds that anthro should be the study of cutural systems of classification
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cognitive anthro
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a theoretical approach that defines culture in terms of the rules and meanings underlying human behavior, rahter than behavior itself
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ethnobotany
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an thro discipline devoted to describing the ways in which different cultures classify plants
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ethnomedicine
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an anthro discipline devoted to desribing the medical systems of different cultures
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structural anthro
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a theoretical perspective that holds that all cultures reflect similiar deep, underlying patterns and that anthropolgists should attempt to decipher these patterns
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interpretive anthro
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a theoretical approach that emphasizes that culture as a system of meaning and proposes that the aim of cultural anthropolgy is to interpret the meanings that cultural acts have for their participants
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functionalism
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the anthro theory that specific cultural institutions function to support the structure of society or serve the needs of individuals in society
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ecological functionalism
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a theor persp that holds that the ways in which cultural insitutions work can best be understood by examining their effects on the environment
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cultural materialism
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a theor approach that holds that the primary task of anthro is to account for the similarities and differences amoung cultures and that his can best be done by studying the material constraints towhich human existence is subject
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neo-evolutionism
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a theor persp concerned with the historical change of culture from small-sclae societie to extremely large-scale societies
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norm
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an ideal cultural pattern that influences behavior in a society
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value
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a culturally defined idea of what is true, right, and beautiful
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subculture
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a system of perceptions, values, beliefs, and customs that are signinficantly different from those of a larger dominatn culture within the same society
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neo-maxism
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a theor persp concerned with applying the insights of marxist thought to anthro; eno-marxists modify marxist analysis to make it appropriate to the investigation of small-scale, western societies
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feminist anthro
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a theor persp tha focuses on describing and explaining the social roles of women
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adaptation
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a change in the bilogical structure of life ways of an individual or population by which it becomes better fitted to survive and reproduce in its environment
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plasticity
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the ability of humans to change their behavior in repsonse to a wide range of environmental demands
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cultural ecology
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a theor approach that regards cultural patterns as adaptive responses to the basic problems of human survival and reproduction
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sociobilogy
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a theor persp tha explores the relationship between human cultural behavior and genetics
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innovation
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a new variation on an existing cutlural pattern that is subsequently accepted by other members of the society
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diffusion
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the spread of cultural elements from one culture to another through cultural contact
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communication
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the act of transmitting information
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call system
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the form of communication amoung nonhuman priamtes composed of a limited number of sounds that are tied to specific stimuli in the environment
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blending
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the combination of two calls to produce a new call; hypothesized early phase in language evolution
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prelanguage
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a language of human ancestors consiting of blended sounds; a hypotehsized phase in the evolotion of language
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dualtiy of patterning
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the ability to produce arrangments of blended sounds; the hypothesized second step in the evolution of language
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conventionality
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the notion that, in human language, words are only arbitrarily or conventionallt connected to the things for which they stand
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productivity
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the idea that humans can combine words and sounds into new, meaningful utterances they have never heard before
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displacment
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the capacity of all human languages to describe things not happening in the present
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universal grammer
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a basic set of principles, conditions and rules that underlie all languages
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descriptive or structural linguistics
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the study and anlysis of the strcuture and content of particuler languages
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phonology
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the sound system of a language
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morphology
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a system for creating words from sounds
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syntax
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the part of grammer that has to do with arranement of words to form phrases and sentences
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semantics
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the subsystem of a language that relates words to meaning
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phone
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a sound made by humans and used in any language
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international phonetic alphabet
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a system of wiring designed to represent all the sounds used in different languages of the world
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phoneme
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the smallest significatn unit of sound in a language. a phonemic system is the second system of a language
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standard spoken american english
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the form of english spoken by most of the american middle class
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allophones
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2 or more different phones that can be used to make the same phoneme in a specific language
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morpheme
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the smallest unit of language that has a meaning
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bound morpheme
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a unit of meaning that must be associated with another
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free morpheme
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a unit of meaning tha tmay stand alone as a word
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word
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the smallest part of a sentence that can be said alone and still retain its meaning
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isolating language
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a language with relatively few morephemes per word, and fairly simple rules for combining them.
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agglutinating language
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a language that allows a great number of morphemes per word and has highly regular rules for combining them
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synthetic language
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a language that has words with great many morphemes and complex, highly irregular rules for their combination
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lexicon
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total stock of words in a language
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sociolinguistics
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specialization within anthropological linguistics that focuses on speech performance
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dialect
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grammatical constructions that deviate from those used by the socially dominant group in a society
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pidgin
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language of contact and trade composed of features of the original lanuages or two or more societies
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creole
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first language that is composed of elements of two or more different languages
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African American Vernacular English
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form of english spoken by many afro amer particullarly among those of working or urban working class
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ebonics
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see african america vernacular englush
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black english vernacular
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same as ebonics and afro amer vernacular eng
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code switching
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ability of individuals who speak multiple languages to move seemlessly between them
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Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
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hypothesis that perceptions and understandings of time, space, and matter are conditioned by the structure of language
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haptics
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analysis and study of touch
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chronemics
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study of the different ways that cultures understand time and use it to communicate
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proxemics
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study of the cultural use of interpersonal space
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kinesics
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study of body position, movement, facial expressions and gaze
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historical linguistics
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branch of linguistics concerned with discovering the histories of languages
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comparative linguistics
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the science of documenting the relationships between languages and grouping them into language familes
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core vocabulary
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list of 100 or 200 terms that designate things, actions, and activities, likely to be named in all the world's languages
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glottochronology
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statistical technique that linguists have developed to estimate the date of separation of related languages
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kinship system
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totality of kin relations, kin groups, and terms for classifying kin in a society
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kinship terminology
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words used to identify different categories of kin in a particular culture
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genitor
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biological father
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pater
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socially designated father of a child who may or may not be the biological father
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affinal
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relations by marriage
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succession
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transfer of office or social position between generations
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descent
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culturally established affiliation between a child and one or both parents
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descent group
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group of kin who are descendents of a common ancestor, extending beyong 2 generations
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unilineal descent
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rule specifying that membership in a descent group is based on links through either the maternal or the paternal line but not both
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patrilineal descent
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rule that affliates a person to kin of both sexes related through males only
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matrilineal descent
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rule that affliates a person to kin of both sexes related through females only
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lineage
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group of kin whose members trace descent from a known common ancestor
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patrilineage
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lineage formed by descent in the male line
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matrilineage
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lineage formed by desecnt in the female line
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clan
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unilineal kinship group whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor but who cannot trace this link through known relatives
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phratry
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unilineal descent group composed of a number of clans whose members feel themselves to be closely related
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totem
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an animal, plant or other aspect of the natural world held to be ancestral or to have other intimate relationshops with members of a group
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double descent
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tracing of descent through both matrilineal and patrilineal links each of which is used for different purposes
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nonunilineal descent
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any system of descent in which both father's and mother's lineages have equal claim to the individual
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cognatic descent
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any nonunilineal system of descent
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bilateral descent
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system of descent under which individuals are equally affiliated with their mothers' and their fathers' descent group
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kindred
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unique kin network made up of all the people related to a specfic individual in a bilateral kinship system
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rammage
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kinship group produced by an ambilineal descent system
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ambilineal descent
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form of bilateral descent in which an individual may choose to affiliate with either the fathers or mothers descent group
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lineal kin
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blood relations linked through descent, such as ego, egos mother, egos grandmother, and egos daughter
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collateral kin
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kin descended from a common ancestor but not in direct ascendent or descentdent line such as siblings and cousins
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consanguity
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blood ties between people
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bifurcation
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principle of classifing kin under which different kinship terms are used for the mothers side of the family and the fatehrs side of the family
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sex
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the biological difference between male and female
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gender
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cultural construction that makes biological and physicla differences into socially meaningful categories
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cultural construction of gender
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idea that gender characteristics are the result of historical, economic, and political forces acting within each culture
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xanith
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an alternative gender role in the Oman on the Saudi Arabian peninsula
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two-spirit rule
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an alternative gender rold in native norht america
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mahu
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alternative gender role in tahiti
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hijra
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alternative gender role in India conceptualized as neither man nor woman
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rite of passage
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ritual that moves an individual from one social status to another
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menarche
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woman's first menstruation
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manhood puzzle
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question of why in almost all cultures masculinity is viewed not as a natural state but as a problematic status to be won through overcoming obstacles
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machismo
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cultural construction of hypermasculinity as essential to the male gender role
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gender role
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cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including division of labor
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gender hierarchy
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the ways in which gendered activities and attributes are differentially valued and related to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in a society
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private/public dichtomy
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gender system in which womens status is lowered by their almost exclusive cultural identification with the home and children whereas men are identified with public, prestigious, economic and political roles
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incest taboo
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prohibition on sexual relations between relatives
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exogamy
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rule specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group
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endogamy
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rule prescribing that a person must marry within a particular gorup
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cross cousins
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children of parents siblings of the opposite sex (mothers brothers, fathers sisters)
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parallel cousins
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children of a parents same sex siblings (mothers sisters, fathers brothers)
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levirate
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custom whereby a man marries the widow of a desceased brother
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sororate
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custom whereby when a mans wife dies her sister is given to him as a wife
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monogamy
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a rule that permits a person to be marrie to only one spouse at a time
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polygamy
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rule allowing more than one spouse
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polygyny
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rule permitting a man to have more than one wife at a time
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polyandry
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rule permitting a woman to have more than one husband at a time
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sororal polygyny
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from of polygyny in which a man marries sisters
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fraternal polyandry
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custom whereby a woman marries a man and his brothers
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arranged marriage
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process by which senior family members exercise a great degree of control over the choice of their children's spouse
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bride service
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cultural rule that a man must work for his bride's family for a variable length of time either before or after the marriage
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bridewealth
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goods presented by the grooms kin to the brides kin to legitimize a marriage
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dowry
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presentaion of goods by the brides kin to the family of the groom or to the couple
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nuclear family
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family organized around the conjugal tie and consisiting of a husband a wife and their children
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conjugal tie
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relationship between a husband and a wife formed by marriage
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extended fmaily
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family based on blood relations extending over three or more generations
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consanguineal
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related by blood
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domestic group
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persons living in the same hosue usually but not always members of a family
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neolocal residence
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system under which a couple establishes an independent household after marriage
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patrilocal residence
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system under which a bride lives with her husband's family after marriage
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composite family
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an aggregate of nuclear families linked by a common spouse
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stem family
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nuclear family with a dependent adult added on
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matrilocal residence
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system under which a husband lives with his wifes family after marriage
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avuncolocal residence
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system under which a married couple lives with the husband's mother's brother
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bilocal residence
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system under which a married couple has the choice of living with the husband's or the wife's family
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