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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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- Anthropology
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systematic study of humankind
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Archaeology bridges
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natural sciences, social sciences and humanities
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Four subdivision of Anthropology
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physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology or ethnology
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Physical anthropology
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concerned with humans as a biological species,research focus is human evolution and human variation
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Paleoanthropology
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(paleo = old) study fossil bone to determine links between modern humans and their biological ancestors.
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Primatology
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study of primates
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Archaeology
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study of humankind through material remains (artifacts and ecofacts)
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Artifacts
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material products of former societies
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Ecofact
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organic items left such as seed, bone, shell, etc, left behind by past cultures
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Linguistics
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study of language
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Linguistic anthropology |
focuses on the relationship between language and culture |
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Structural linguistics
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explores how language works, compare grammatical patterns or other elements to learn how languages differ from one another.
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Sociolinguistics
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examines connections between language and social behavior
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Historical linguistics
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concentrates on the comparison and classification of different languages to discern the historical links among languages
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Cultural anthropology (ethnology)
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examines various contemporary societies and cultures throughout the world.
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Participant observation
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involves learning the language and culture of the group being studied by participating in the group’s daily activities.
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Ethnography
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a written report of results of an cultural anthropologists fieldwork; a description of a society
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Applied anthropology
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uses data from other subfields of anthropology (and other sciences) in an attempt to offer practical solutions to problems within modern societies. A more holistic (or broad, comprehensive) approach is used to address questions at hand.
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Ethnology
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a cross cultural analysis, or study of a particular topic in more than one culture using ethnography material.
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Cultural Relativism
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the perspective that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not judged by the standards of another culture.
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Ethnocentrism
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judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture rather than by the standards of that particular culture.
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Ethical relativism
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the notion that we cannot impose the values of one society on other societies.
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Darwin Revolution
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Numerous scientific discoveries following the Medieval period, Copernicus and Galileo presented ideas that Earth was one of many planets revolving around the sun, Advances in Geology biology, chemistry, math, etc, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, both 19th century British Naturalist affected by this scientific revolution, They contributed significantly with their ideas on Evolution
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Evolution
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refers to the process of change within species over time.
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In 1831 Darwin began 5 year voyage around the world on HMS Beagle and Wallace was observing plants and animals in Malaysia. Both arrived at the _______ independently.
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Theory of Natural Selection
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Darwin went on to publish “_______” in 1859
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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
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Natural Selection
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emphasized variation in plants and animals. It is noted that environment cannot support all, so competition for resources necessary. Offspring born with traits that make them better able to compete survive and pass on traits to offspring. Process repeated over millions of years leads to evolution
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Hominids
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family of primates that includes the direct ancestors of humans, share certain subtle features in their teeth, jaws, and brain.major characteristic that identifies them is bipedalism.
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Australopithecus
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A. afarensis, A. africanus
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Homo
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H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiens
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Multiregional evolutionary model
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suggests gradual evolution of H. erectus into modern H. sapiens tool place in different regions, creating regional variations
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Replacement Model (Out of Africa Hypothesis or Eve Hypothesis)
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suggests that modern H. sapiens evolved in Africa and migrated to other regions where they replaced earlier H. sapiens such as Neanderthal..
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Upper Paleolithic
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dates 40-10kya called “Old Stone Age”, technological and social innovations represent a creative explosion in technology, use of tools, shelters, etc
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Best known people of Upper Paleolithic in Europe are
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Cro-Magnon.
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The name Cro-Magnon comes from
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a site in Dordogne, France dating about 25KYA
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Cro-Magnon traits
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Rock shelter, human remains found, skulls highly vaulted, some with heavy bones and developed brow ridges suggesting similarities with Neanderthals.They set apart b/c use of tools and ability to make fire as well as artistic creations/rockart
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Migration of Paleolithic hunters
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Archaologists believe first humans came into Western Hemisphere from Siberia over a land bridge across the Bering Strait connecting Asia to Alaska.
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Nocturnal
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active at night and at rest during the day.
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Arboreal
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living in the trees
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Diurnal
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active during the day and at rest at night.
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Binocular vision
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vision with incread depth perception from two eyes set next to each other allowing their visual fields to overlap.
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Stereoscopic vision
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complete three dimensional vision (depth perception) from binocular vision and nerve connections that run from each eye to both sides of the brain allowing nerve cells to integrate the images derived from each eye.
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Opposable thumbs
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able to bring the thumb or big toe in contact with the tips of other digits on the same hand or foot in order to grasp objects.
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Prehensile
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having ability to grasp
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5 natural groupings of contemporary primates
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1) lemurs and lorises 2) tarsiers 3) New World Monkeys 4) Old World Monkeys 5) Apes
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Prosimians
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subdivision within promate order that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. From the Latin word for “before monkeys”
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Anthropoids
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subdivision within primate order that includes New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, and apes (including humans).
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Brachiation
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using the arms to move from branch to branch, with the body hanging suspended beneath the arms.
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Lemurs and Lorises
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1) anatomy and behavior resemble earliest primates 2) Lemurs only found in Madagascar 3)Lorises range from Africa to southern and eastern Asia 4) Small in size 5) Short pointed snouts and large pointed ears
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Tarsiers
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1)nocturnal 2)genetically closer to monkeys than apes 3)mainly eat insects 4)large heads 5)large eyes 6)can turn head 180 degrees
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New World Monkeys
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1)live in tropical rain forests of South and Central America 2)arboreal 3)long tails 4)tails are prehensile
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Old World Monkeys
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1)divided from apes at taxonomic level of superfamily 2)non-prehensil tails 3)live on ground or in trees 4)Baboons live in environments similar to those in which humans may have originated. 5)Baboons have abandoned trees except for sleeping and refuge 6)Diverse diet 7)Live in large, well-organized troops
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Small and Great Apes
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1)Hominoid superfamily 2)Include gibbons, siamangs, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, humans 3)Large, well-bodied primates with no tails 4)Shoulders possess anatomy specialized for hanging suspended below tree branches 5)African apes knuckle-walk 6)All apes except humans possess arms that are longer than their legs
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Only gibbons are “________”…brachiation
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talented gymnasts
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Gibbons and Siamangs native to _____ and ____
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southeast Asia and Malaysia
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Orangutans found in _____ to_____
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Borneo and Sumatra
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Gorillas found in _____
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equatorial Africa
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Gorillas can weigh
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over 450 pounds
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Males about ____ as large as females
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twice
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Bonobos settle disputes through ___ rather than ____
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Sex, violence
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Community
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unit of primate social organization composed of fifty or more individuals or more who inhabit a large geographical area together.
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Dominance hierarchies
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observed ranking system in primate societies ordering individuals from high (alpha) to low standing corresponding to predictable behavior interactions including domination.
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Grooming
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ritual cleaning of another animal’s skin and fur to remove parasites and other matter
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Tool
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an object used to facilitate some task or activity.
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Society
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consists of patterns of relationships among people within a specified territory
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Culture
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customary ways of thinking and behaving of a particular population of society
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Fieldwork
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research in the field, which is any place where people and culture are found.
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Participant observation
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involves learning the language and culture of the group being studied by participating in the group’s daily activities.
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Multi-sited research
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research in more than one location in order to understand the culture of the dispersed members of the culture or relationships among different levels of culture.
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Informed consent
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an aspect of fieldwork ethics requiring that the researcher inform the research participants of the intent, scope, and possible side effects of the proposed study and seek their consent to be in the study.
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Rapport
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a trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population
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Culture shock |
persistent feelings of uneasiness, loneliness, and anxiety that often occur when a person has shifted from one culture to a different one. |
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Deductive approach
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a research method that involves posing a research question or hypothesis, gathering data related to the question, and then assessing the findings in relation to the original hypothesis.
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Inductive approach
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a research approach that avoids hypothesis formation in advance of the research and instead takes its led from the culture being studied.
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Quantitative data
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numeric information
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Qualitative data
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non-numeric information
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Etic
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an analytical framework used by outside analysts in studying culture
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Emic
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insider’s perceptions and categories, and their explanations for why they do what they do.
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Interview
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research technique that involves gathering verbal data through questions or guided conversations between at least two people.
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Questionnaire
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a formal research instrument containing a preset series of questions that the anthropologist asks in a face-to-face setting, by mail, or by email.
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Enculturation
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process of social interaction through which people learn and acquire their culture.
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Situational learning
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learning by trial and error….learn by experience
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Social learning
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when one organism observes another organism respond to stimulus and then adds that response to its own collection of behaviors.
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Symbolic learning
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based on our linguistic capacity and ability to use and understand symbols or arbitrary meaningful units or models we use to represent reality. (i.e. > traffic light colors red, yellow, and green)
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Humans learn most of their behaviors through
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symbolic learning
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Signs
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directly associated with concrete physical items or activities. As opposed to symbols, which are arbitrary units of meaning (i.e. door bell ringing means someone at the door) .
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Material culture
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physical products of human society
(trash, clothes, weapon, cooking pots, etc) |
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Nonmaterial culture
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intangible products of human society (values, beliefs, norms)
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Values
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standards by which members of a society define what is good or bad, unholy or holy, beautiful or ugly
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Beliefs
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cultural conventions that concern true or false assumptions, descriptions of nature, and humankind’s place in it.
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Ideology
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cultural symbols and beliefs that reflect and support the interests of specific groups within society
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Norms
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rules of right and wrong behavior
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Folkways
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norms guiding ordinary usages and conventions of everyday life
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Mores – (MO-RAYS)
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strong norms , (ie females wearing burkahs in certain Middle Eastern societies
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Ideal culture
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consists of what people say they do or should do
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Real culture
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refers to their actual behaviors
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Cultural relativisms
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view that cultural traditions must be understood within the context of a particular society’s solutions to problems and opportunities.
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Ethnicity
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based on perceived differences in ancestral origins or descent and shared historical and cultural heritage.
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Ethnic Group
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a collectivity of people who believe they share a common history, culture, or ancestry
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Cultural universals
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are essential behavior characteristics of societies, and they are found all over the world.
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Mode of livelihood
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dominant way of making a living in a culture.
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Subsistence
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basically the way one obtains food to survive.
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Hunter-gatherer societies (Foraging societies)
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a society that depends on hunting animals and gathering vegetation for subsistence
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Use-rights
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a system of property relations in which a person or group has socially recognized priority in access to particular resources such as gathering, hinting, and fishing areas and water holes.
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Horticulture
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a form of agriculture in which people use a limited, non-mechanized technology to cultivate plants.
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A major type of horticulture is known as Slash and Burn cultivation which involves
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production of food without the intensive use of land, a large labor force, or complex technology. A tract of land is cleared of trees and then the brush set on fire. Ashes remain and the nutrients from them sink into the soil
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Examples of horticulturalists include
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the Yanomamo of the Amazon, the Tsembaga of New Guinea, and the Iroquois of the Northeastern United States.
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Yanomamo is prime example of horticulturalist who use ____ and _____. ___to ___ of Yanomamo’s food comes from gardens.
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slash and burn cultivation, 80% to 90 %
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Pastoralists
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groups whose subsistence activities are based on the care of domesticated animals. Primarily nomadic.
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Examples of pastoralists are the _____ of Arabia and North Africa, The ____ of Scandanavia, the ____, _____, and ____ of Iran, as the ____ and ___ of East Africa.
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Bedouin, Saami (Lapps), Basseri, Qashqai, Bahktriari, Maasai and Nuer
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Horticulturalist Technology
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1)wooden hoes 2)sharpened digging sticks 3)crude stone or wooden axes 4)blowguns 5)bow and arrow
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Pastoralist Technology
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1)saddles 2)weapons 3)tents 4)equipment to care for livestock
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Agriculture
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method of crop production by irrigating, fertilizing, hoeing, and terracing hillsides
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Intensive agriculture (intensive strategy)
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cultivation of crops by preparing permanent fields year after year, often including the use of irrigation and fertilizers
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Industrialism
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mode of livelihood in which goods are produced through mass employment in business and commercial operations and through the creation and movement of information through electronic media.
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Formal sector
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salaried or age-based work registered in official statistics
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Informal sector
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work that is not officially registered and sometimes illegal.
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Consumption
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one’s intake and output.
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Two types of Exchange |
Reciprocal exchange and redistributional exchange |
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Kula
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the ceremonial trade of valued objects that took place among a number of trobiand islanders.
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"___" necklaces and ____ armbands were ritually exchanged from island to island through networks of male traders.
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Red-shell and white-shell
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Necklaces traveled ____
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clockwise
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Armbands traveled _____
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counterclockwise
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Entitlement
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a culturally defined right to life-sustaining resources.
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Cash Crop
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a plant grown primarily for sale rather than for one’s own use.
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Money
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a medium of exchange that can be used for a variety of goods
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Balanced exchange
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a system of transfer in which the goal is either immediate or eventual quality in value.
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Unbalanced exchange
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a system of transfers in which one party seeks to make a profit.
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Reciprocity
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widespread sharing of goods and services in a society.
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Generalized reciprocity
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based on assumption that an immediate return is not expected and that the values of the exchanges will balance out in the long run.
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Balanced reciprocity
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a type of exchange where immediate return is expected ( ie a trade)
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Negative reciprocity
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attempt to get something for nothing
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Pure Gift
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something given with no expectation or thought of return.
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Redistribution
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a form of exchange that involves one person collecting goods or money from many members of a group, who then, at a later time and at a public event, “returns” the pooled goods to everyone who contributed.
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Potlach – a Chinook word translated as “_____”
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a giveaway
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Market exchange
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the buying or selling of commodities under competitive conditions, in which the forces of supply and demand determine value.
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Trade |
the formalized exchange of one thing for another according to set standards of value |
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Nation – states
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political communities that have clearly defined territorial borders dividing them from one another.
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Merchantism
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system in which the government regulates the economy of a state to ensure economic growth, a positive balance of trade, and the accumulation of gold and silver.
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Modernization
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economic, social, political, and religious changes related tomodern industrial and technological change.
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Capitalism
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economic system in which natural resources as well as the means of producing and distributing goods and services are privately owned.
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Socialism
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economic system in which the state, ideally as the representative of the people, owns the basic means of production
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Oligopoly
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occurs when a few giant corporations control production in major industries
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Monopoly capitalism
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form of capitalism dominated by large corporations that can reduce free competition through the concentration of capital.
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Multinational corporations
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economic organizations that operate in many different regions of the world.
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