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235 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what bones make up the mandibular series
|
o dentary
o splenials o angular o surangular o prearticular o coronoids o mandibular symphysis |
|
what bones make up the palatal series (primary palate)
|
o pterygoid
o vomer o palatine o ectopterygoid o parasphenoid |
|
what bones make up the vault series (roofing bones)
|
o postparietal (interparietal)
o parietal (parietal foramen) |
|
what bones make up the temporal series (temporal notch fenestrae aka: hole)
|
o intertemporal
o supratemporal o tabular o squamosal o quadratojugal |
|
what bones make up the orbital series
|
o lacrimal
o prefrontal o postfrontal o postorbital o jugal |
|
what bones make up the facial series
|
o maxilla
o premaxilla o nasal o septomaxilla |
|
osteoblast function
|
produce new bone cells
|
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osteoclast function
|
breakdown bone for the formation of new bone
|
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bone is a tissue consisting of: _________,___________,__________,and
___________, which are housed in lacunae that are connected by _________________. |
collagen, hydroxyapatite crystals, cementing substance and osteocytes
canaliculi |
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tendons attach
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mm to bone
|
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ligaments attach
|
bone to bone
|
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define heterotropic bones and give 2 examples
|
bones that form in miscellaneous places by endochondral or intramembranous ossification. Ex. bacula (penis bone) or Os cordis bones (in the heart)
|
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3 functions of the skull
|
protects/supports the brain
cools the brain via nasal passages which dissipate heat it functions as part of the feeding system |
|
2 types of water feeding
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suctiona dn suspension
|
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2 types of air feeding
|
lingual (tongue feeding)
and prehension (lip feeding) |
|
splanchnocranium is derived from:
|
neural crest cells
|
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dermatocranium attributes to:
|
skin elements
|
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Chondrocranium is made from:
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cartilage
|
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how many branchial arches are present in the skeletons of primitive vertebrates
|
7
|
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what is the 1st branchial arch referred to?
|
the mandibular arch
|
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what is the 2nd branchial arch referred to?
|
hyoid arch or bone
|
|
what is the function of branchial arches in fish?
|
gill support system
|
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what are the 3 types of contribution to the skull make up?
|
splanchnocranium, dermatocranium and chondrocranium
|
|
what is an anapsid skull?
ex? |
one with no holes except for the orbit
turtle |
|
what is characteristic of a diapsid skull?
|
2 temporal fenestrae
|
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what type of vertebrates have an synapsid skull and what is it?
|
only has one fenestrae or opening other than the orbit and it occurs in mammals
|
|
Define cranial kinesis:
What is it's function? |
movememt between the upper jaw and the braincase
it provides a way to change the size and configuration of the mouth during feeding |
|
define metakinesis
|
when cranial kinesis occurs with movement located at the very back of the neurocranium
|
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define mesokinesis
|
when cranial kinesis occurs with the hinge just behind the orbit
|
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define prokinesis
|
when cranial kinesis occurs with the hinge just in front of the eye
|
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define spreptostyly
|
the ability to relocate the lower jaw
|
|
choana is aka:
|
internal naris
|
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the lateral line system in fish is part of the _______ __________ ________
|
aquatic sensory system
|
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bones of the jaw articulation derived from what bones?
|
those of the middle ear
|
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In tetrapod skulls the only articulation is with what bone?
|
quadrate
|
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In tetrapods is the hyomandibula associated with jaw suspension?
|
no
|
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where does the malleus bone originate from?
|
articular bone
|
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where does the incus bone originate from?
|
quadrate bone
|
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where does the stapes bone originate from?
|
the hyomandibula
|
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what are the 5 major functions of the axial skeleton?
|
1) define the long axis of the vertebrate body
2)offers site for mm attachemnt 3)prevents telescoping of the body 4)supports much of the body weight 5)is important in locomotion |
|
3 major components of the axial skeleton
|
braincase
notochord vertebral column |
|
the neural arch serves what function
|
to protect the notochord
|
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the hemal arch serves what function
|
to protect the blood vessels
|
|
what gives rise to the vertebrae
|
scleratome
|
|
which is phylogenetically older the notochord or the vertebral column
|
the notochord
|
|
if the centra are absent this is referred to as:
|
aspondyly
|
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if one centra is present per vertebral segment
|
monospondyly
|
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if 2 centra a present per vertebral segment
|
diplospondyly
|
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if more than 2 centra are present per vertebral segement
|
polyspondyly
|
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centra that are flat on the front or anterior side are:
|
acoelous
|
|
centra that have a concave front:
|
procoelous
|
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centra that have a concave back
|
opisthocoelous
|
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centra that are concave on both ends
|
amphocoelous
|
|
saddle shaped centra are called
|
heteroceolous
|
|
an articular process on a vertebrae is referred to as:
|
an apophyses
|
|
these 2 structures on the vertebrae articulate with the ribs
|
diapophyses
parapophyses |
|
the place where 2 vertebra articulate together
|
zygapophyses
|
|
what are gastralia
|
rib like projections that are part of the axial skeleton and function to cover the abdominal region
|
|
C1 is aka:
what motion is it associated with? |
atlas
nodding "yes-yes" |
|
C2 is aka:
what motion is it associated with? |
axis
turning the head "no-no" |
|
how many cervical verts in mammals
|
7
|
|
what distinguishing feature can be found on only cervical verts
|
transverse foramina
|
|
costal facets on ribs attach to what
|
ribs
|
|
true ribs attach where
|
to sternum via their own cartilages
|
|
false ribs attach where
|
to the costal cartilage of true ribs
|
|
floating ribs attach where
|
nowhere but they do have costal cartilage
|
|
how many vertebra form the sacrum and what is its function
|
5 and it serves as stability and attachment for the hindlimbs
|
|
what determines the type of tail a fish can have
|
its vertebra
|
|
what makes up the appendiculat skeleton
|
the pelvic and pectoral girdles and the skeleton of the fins or appendages
|
|
T/F the appendicular skeleton is represented well in the fossil record
|
true
|
|
what types of tissue composes the pectoral girdle?
|
dermal and endochondral bones
|
|
what 2 bones are the replacement bones or are considered endochondral in the pectoral girdle?
the remaining bones are considered__________ in origin |
coracoid and scapula
dermal |
|
the pelvic girdle si composed of what derivation of connective tissue
|
endochondral bone
|
|
what 3 bones form the inominate bone of the pelvic girdle
|
ilium
ischium pelvis |
|
mm attachment must occur where and via what?
|
over a joint and via a tendon
|
|
define origin:
usually occurs more_____ |
stationary attachment
proximal |
|
define insertion:
usually occurs more______ |
attachment that moves and usually pulls toward the origin
distal |
|
extrinsic definition
|
when the origin is on the axial skeleton and it inserts on a girdle or limb (a mm that is located in one area and causes movement in another area anatomically)
|
|
intrinsic definition
|
origin is on the girdle or limb with more distal insertion on the limb (mm are located in the region in which they cause movement)
|
|
sphincter definition
|
mm that is circular
|
|
define the following:
agonist: antagonist: synergist; |
prime mover
reverses initial mm movement helper mm for either but usually not both |
|
3 criteria for establishing mm homology
|
attachment
embryonic pattern innervation |
|
3 sources of mm tissue or embryonic origin of mm
|
mesenchyme
hypomere paraxial mesoderm (epimere) |
|
somite can be divided into:
|
epimere and hypomere
OR dermatome, myotome, and scleratome |
|
myotome can be divided into:
which occur on which side? |
epaxial(dorsal) and hypaxial (ventral)
|
|
The mm system can be divided into_____&_______
|
cranial and post-cranial
|
|
the post-cranial mm can be divided into
|
axial & appendicular
|
|
the cranial skeleton can be divided into
|
branchiomeric and hypobrachial
|
|
in fish the myotomes are divided by_______
|
myosepta
|
|
epipaxial and hypaxial mm areas in the fish are divided by a ________ _______ _________
|
horizontal skeletogenous septum (except in jawless fish)
|
|
what mm are used for propulsion by the fish?
|
axial mm
|
|
in amphibians the epaxial musculature is called:
|
dorsalis trunci
|
|
in amphibians the hypaxial musculature is called the
|
abdominal musculature
|
|
in reptiles the epaxial musculature is called:
|
groups (transversospinalis, longissimus and iliocostalis)
|
|
in reptiles the hypaxial musculature is called:
|
abdominal, intercostal and neck mm
|
|
in tetrapods the axial musculature varies with what?
|
the degree of development of the limbs
|
|
in the tetrapod pectoral sling the trapezius is the homologue of what 4 mm
|
serratus ventralis
rhomboideus cucullaris pectoralis |
|
which region in the tetrapod has a sling? pelvic or pectoral?
|
pectoral
|
|
pectoralis function in aves
|
adduction of wing
|
|
coracoidues function in aves
|
abduction of wing
|
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branchiomeric and hypobranchial musculature arise from
|
paraxial mesoderm
|
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branchiomeric musculature arises from what
|
cranial paraxial mesoderm (somitomeres)
|
|
hypobranchial musculature arises from what
|
trunk paraxial mesoderm (somites)
|
|
what is the best source for deciding the homology of musculature
|
nerve innervations
|
|
in fish branchiomeric mm is associated with ______ _________ and functions as part of the ________ _______
|
gill arches;
respiratory pump |
|
in gnathostomes the branchiomeric musculature of the mandibular arch is associated with
|
jaw movement
|
|
the musculature of the hyoid arch is involved with what 4 things?
|
jaw attachment
opercular movement stapes of middle ear constictor colli and other mm of facial expression |
|
extrinsic integumentary mm reaches peak development as the __________ _________ and the __________ mm of primates
|
panniculus camosus (or cutaneous maximus)
mimetic |
|
erector mm of feather and hairs are ________ mm that are __________ to the dermis oc birds and mammals
|
smooth, intrinsic
|
|
electric organs are modified __________, _________ or ______________mm
|
axial, appendicular or branchiomeric
|
|
the fibers of electric organs that produce, store and discharge electic potential
|
electropaxes
|
|
some electric organs are actually modified ________ ______
|
skin glangs
|
|
extrinsic appendicular mm has an orgin on the _____ _______ and an isertion on the __________ or ________
|
axial skeleton
girdle or limb |
|
intrinsic appendicular mm arises on a ________ or________ and inserts:
|
girdle or more proximal skeletal segment of the limb and inserts on the more distal segments
|
|
respiration involves what
|
passive diffusion caused by partial pressures or carbon dioxide and oxygen
|
|
external respiration
|
the exchange of respiratory gases between organism and the environment
|
|
internal respiration
|
the exchange of gases between the capillary blood and tissues
|
|
what is necessary for respiratory exchange of gases?
|
moist epithelium
|
|
chief adult organs of respiration ? (6)
|
phargyngeal gills
orophargyngeal mucosa gut swim bladder or lungs skin |
|
what is ventilation?
|
the active process of moving the respiratory medium, water or air across the exchange surface
|
|
apnea definition
|
the cessation of breathing or ceasing to move the respiratory medium
|
|
perfusion definition
|
the pumping of blood throughout an organ via capillaries
|
|
amount of oxygen within the air varies with what?
|
altitude
|
|
what 3 things affect the oxygen content of water
|
movement of water
temperature time of day (light and algea create changes in O2 concentration) |
|
downside to external gills
|
can be eaten off
|
|
internal gills arise within the walls of what?
|
pharyngeal pouches
|
|
internal gills are supported by the skeleton of the
|
pharyngeal arches
|
|
pharyngeal pouches require an opening to the exterior except in some_________
|
agnathans
|
|
normally respiratory water enters the :
|
mouth
|
|
in elasmobranchs respiratory water sometimes enters the:
|
spiracle
|
|
in hagfishes respiratory water sometimes enters the :
|
naris
|
|
in lampreys respiratory water sometimes enters the :
|
external gill slits
|
|
what 2 things primarily determine diffusion rate?
|
speed of respiratory medium across membrane and distance to the blood supply
|
|
__________ ________ of the branchial arches in fish help to show the relationship of primary filaments to interbranchial septa
|
transverse sections
|
|
elasmobranchs have _______ ________ _________ that are visible on the surface just posterior to their heads on sides
|
naked gill slits
|
|
the slits of chimeraes, bony fishes and larval anurians are covered by ____________ which is attached to the ______ ____
|
an operculum,
hyoid arch |
|
the spiracle is a:
which in some species houses: |
modified not true gill arch
a pseudobranch on its anterior wall |
|
holobranch
|
refers to a branchial arch and the lamellae on both anterior and posterior faces of the septum
|
|
hemibranch
|
refers to a branchial arch with lamellae only on efface of its septum
|
|
spiracular pesudobranch
|
refers to what is embryologically the 1st gill slit and it is reduced to a small oval opening over the spiracle
|
|
ram ventilation
|
swimming through water with mouth open
|
|
2 stroke ventilation
|
pumps water in and out
|
|
counter current exchange
|
blood and water flow in opposite directions
|
|
gills in fish function in 3 things
|
salt homeostasis
exertion of nitrogenous wastes and CO2 osmoregulation |
|
pneumatic sacs arise from where?
in fish they are called: in tetrapods they are called: |
floor of foregut
swim bladders lungs |
|
swim bladders and lungs of aquatic urodeles are chiefly ___________ organs
however _____________use them from respiration |
hydrostatic
lungfish/ dipnoans and other phystostomas fishes |
|
in some teleosts swim bladders function to transmit sound to
|
inner ear
|
|
air sacs and swim bladders come off where?
|
dorsal side of gut
|
|
lungs come off where?
|
ventral side of gut
|
|
air bladder function:
|
maintain location within water column
|
|
what effects does lactic acid have on the blood
|
it decreases the pH making it more acidic and less able to carry oxygen
|
|
excess oxygen is held in :
|
gas bladder
|
|
tracheal walls are reinforced by:
|
cartilagenous or bony plates, rings or half-rings
|
|
traches bifurcates into
|
2 primary bronchi
|
|
paired lungs arise as
|
an unpaired evagination grom the embryonic pharyngeal floor
|
|
ram ventilation
|
swimming through water with mouth open
|
|
2 stroke ventilation
|
pumps water in and out
|
|
counter current exchange
|
blood and water flow in opposite directions
|
|
gills in fish function in 3 things
|
salt homeostasis
exertion of nitrogenous wastes and CO2 osmoregulation |
|
pneumatic sacs arise from where?
in fish they are called: in tetrapods they are called: |
floor of foregut
swim bladders lungs |
|
in amphibians and most reptiles lungs occups a
|
pleuroperitoneal cavity
|
|
in crocodilians, birds and mammals, each lung occupies
|
its own individual pleural cavity
|
|
what separates the pleural cavities from rest of coelom in birds and crocodilians
|
fibrous oblique septa
|
|
what separates the pleural cavities from rest of coelom in mammals
|
muscular diaphragm and a mediastinum
|
|
glottis is the entrance to
|
the trachea
|
|
crocodiles have a _____ ____ that helps protect against the entrance of fluids and food into the trachea
|
fleshy valve
|
|
in mammals, what helps protect against the entrance of fluids and food into the trachea
|
either an epiglottis or the ability of the glottis to lock into the nasopharynx when necessary
|
|
why don't frogs need advance lungs
|
cutaneous respiration
|
|
___________ _________ in the lungs of some lizards and in birds extend among the viscera. in birds they also extend into hollow bones
|
saccular diverticula
|
|
during a bird's flight what provides ability to breathe
|
the flight mm act as a suction pump that draws air into the air sacs and a pressure pump forces it through the duct system and back to the outside
|
|
suction pump is drives by what is aves
|
flight mm
|
|
movement of the bottom of a frogs mouth up and down will open and close its ____ ___
|
external nares
|
|
why does a frog hold air inside of lungs for longer
|
the lungs are not as developed so no RAPID diffusion is occuring
|
|
what acts as a suction pump in crocodiles
|
liver
|
|
when a croc inhales what happens?
|
contraction of diaphragmaticus mm and liver moves backwards
|
|
what happens when a croc expires?
|
contraction of transversalis mm, intercostal mm and relaxation of diaphragmaticus mm. liver moves forward
|
|
what 4 mm are used with the ventilation process in turtles
|
transverse abdominus
serratus pectoralis obliquus abdominus |
|
in birds inhaled air flows into ______ _____ bypassing _________. It then returns to __________ via ______ ______
|
air sacs;
lungs. Lungs; recurrent bronchi |
|
in addition to maintaining a steady flow of air through the air capillaries of birds, air sacs are ____________ and ___________
|
buoyant and thermoregulaory
|
|
at the base of the trachea in most birds there is a voice box called a
|
syrinx
|
|
the early embryonic digestive system consists of
|
foregut midgut and hindgut
|
|
the gut forms from:
the epithelial lining of the gut forms from: |
splanchic mesoderm
endoderm |
|
the anterior invagination of the gut forms the:
the posterior invagination of the gut forms the: This is where the gut meets the __________ |
stomodeum
proctodeum ectoderm |
|
the cloacal membrane is located at the _________ end
|
aboral
|
|
the parietal peritoneum lining the body wall is the
|
somatopleure
|
|
the gut is suspended within the coelom by the
|
dorsal mesentary
|
|
the dorsal mesentary is continuous with the:
|
parietal peritoneum lining the body wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the surface of the organs
|
|
the falciform ligament of the liver is embryoncally the
|
ventral mesentary
|
|
filter feeder ex:
|
larval lampreys
a few jawed fishes baleen whale |
|
most vertebrates are ________ feeders
|
intermittent
|
|
the nasal passage ways opens into the ______ ___ in lobe finned fishes
|
oropharyngeal cavity
|
|
the nasal passage ways opens into the ______ ___ in tetrapods
|
oral cavity
|
|
jawed fishes and perenninbranchiate amphibians have a _____ _____ that overlies the ventral most component of the _________ __________
|
primary tongue;
hyoid skeleton |
|
in higher amphibians a _____ ______ contributes to the tongue and in amniotes __________ ________ ______ ______contribute to it.
|
glandular field
paired lateral lingual swellings |
|
what stiffens the tongue in lizards and birds
|
an entoglossal bone
|
|
how does suction feeding work
|
fish are able to change the size of the oral cavity which creates a suction mechanism pulling what is outside of the mouth, in very quickly
|
|
woodpeckers have a special hyoid bone that does what?
|
splits and curves around both sides of the skull and by moving this allows the tongue to move out of the mouth an spear its prey
|
|
what type of tongue does a hummingbird have
|
a paired tube tongue
|
|
teeth are an example of vestigial ________ _______
|
dermal armor
|
|
in teeth dentin is formed by what where?
|
odontoblasts in dermal papillae
|
|
in teeth enamel is formed by what, where?
|
ameloblasts of enamel organs and cememtum
|
|
horny teeth are
|
broad and very hard
|
|
primitive mammalian teeth were ______________ &___________
|
tricodont and triberculate
|
|
labyrinthodont tooth (found in, and what does it look like?)
|
sharks and is very sharp with many grooves
|
|
hypsodont teeth are found in
|
horses
|
|
durophagus eat generally
|
hard things
|
|
major subdivisions of the adult digestive tract are
|
oropharyngeal or oral cavity
pharynx esophagus stomach intestine |
|
chief accessory organs of the adult digestive tract are
|
tongue
teeth oral glands pancreas liver gallbladder |
|
sphincter mm help do what
|
control movement
|
|
teleost have blind ended pouches referred to as
|
pyloric ceca
|
|
4 areas of cow stomach in order that food goes
|
rumen > reticulum > omasum > abomassum --->small intestine
|
|
what type of fermenters are horses
|
hind fermenters
|
|
in cyclostomes the small intestine is:
|
straight with slight differentiation
|
|
in sharks the gut is: (shape)
|
N shaped with a posterior spiral intestine that increases surface area
|
|
in sharks what precedes the cloaca
|
a short rectum
|
|
in sharks there is a dorsal appendage from the rectum called
|
rectal gland
|
|
in fish the intestine is usually shaped
|
into one or two S shaped curves, occasionally coiled
|
|
fish intestine length
|
10-12 times its body length
|
|
what fish has a spiral intestine
|
all modern fish which are not teleosts
|
|
ray finned fish have a diverticula called
|
pyloric ceca
|
|
do bony fishes have a rectal gland
|
no
|
|
what bony fishes have a cloaca
|
only dipnoans and coelacanth (latimeria)
|
|
what type of gut do tadpoles have
|
long and coiled
|
|
what type of gut do adult amphibians have
|
relatively short and simple digestive tracts, maybe 1.5-3.5 times their body length
|
|
so amphibians have a cloaca
|
yes
|
|
what type of cecum do amphibians exhibit
|
a single colic
|
|
reptiles have what kind of intestine
|
moderately colied and about 1-2 times their body length but in snakes it is short
|
|
some reptiles exhibit what type of cecum
|
dorsal colic
|
|
since birds dont have teeth, they have a ______ and ______
|
crop and gizzard
|
|
the duodenum in birds forms a ______ _______ _______and is tightly coiled around the ________
|
long narrow loops
pancreas |
|
in aves what kind of cecae are present
|
2 colic cecae
|
|
in birds the cloaca is present with dorsal diverticulum called
|
cloaca bursa or bursa of Fabricius
|
|
the cloaca bursa or bursa of Fabricius function in
|
maturation of B lymphocytes
|
|
insectivores and carnivore intestine length
artiodactyls have intesines that are _______________ their body length |
2-6 times their body length
20-25 |
|
in mammals what type of cecum usually is present
|
a single ventral colic cecum
|