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514 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do microbodies do? |
Convert H2O2 into H2O + O2 |
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Collagen consists of a _______ helix |
Triple |
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What is gluconeogensis |
Non-carbohydrates such as fats and amino acids are made into glucose |
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Where does gluconeogenesis occur in? |
Cytosol |
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Where are centrioles found in? |
Animal cells |
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What are centrioles involved in |
Cell division |
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What phase is sister chromatid separation in? |
Anaphase
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What phase does the nucleolus reappear? |
In telophase |
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What is cytokinesis |
Cytoplasm separates |
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What phase is cytokinesis |
Late anophase or early telophase |
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What happens during prophase |
Chromatids shorten and thicken Nucleoli disappears Spindle fibers form Centrioles in animal cells move to opposite ends |
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What is the hardy-weinberg equilibrium equation |
P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 p+q = 1 |
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Are blue-green algae prokaryotes or eukaryotes |
Prokaryotes |
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What kingdom are blue-green algae from
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Kingdom monera |
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What are another word for blue-green algae |
Cyanobacteria |
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How is reproduction by prokaryotes performed? |
Binary fussion |
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In a lichen, what does cyanobacteria do |
Provide organic nutrients for the fungus |
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Do cyanobacteria and lichen live symbiotically? |
Yes Because fungus offers protection |
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What are peripheral proteins bound |
Usually to the charged polar head group of the bilayer |
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How can you remove peripheral proteins? |
Mild treatment with salts |
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Which one is more difficult to remove peripheral proteins or integral proteins |
Integral proteins |
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How can you remove integral proteins |
Detergents Organic solvents Ultrasonic vibrations |
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What interactions or bonding do peripheral proteins have |
Hydrogen bonding electrostatic interactions |
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How are integral membrane proteins held in the membrane |
By hydrophobic interactions with lipids |
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What is cell wall made up of? |
Peptidoglycan |
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What is peptidoglycan composed of |
Polysaccharide Polypeptide chains |
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Do gram positive bacteria have thin or thick peptidoglycan layer |
Thick |
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What color does a gram positive bacteria appear after gram staining? |
Purple |
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Do blue-green algae have cell walls |
Yes |
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What are teichoic acids |
Used for recognition and binding sites by bacterial viruses that cause infection |
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How many acids are in gram positive bacteria |
Three |
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Where are the acids in gram positive bacteria |
Covalently attached to the peptidoglycan layer |
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What cells make myelin? |
Schwann cells |
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What does myelin act as |
An electrical insulator |
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What does myelin do |
It increases the rate in which the axon can translate signals |
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Where does gluconeogenesis occur mainly in |
Cytosol |
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What is the pathway of a nerve singal |
Presynaptic cell Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic cell |
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What are the three bones of the middle ear |
Incus Malleus Stapes |
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What does the inner ear contain |
The semicircular canals Cochlea |
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What does the semicircular canals responsible for |
Balance |
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What is the cochlea for |
Sound waves in the air are converted into neural messages |
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What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland |
HGH LH FSH TSH Prolactin |
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What does the posterior pituitary gland store |
ADH (vasopressin) Oxytocin |
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Where are ADH and Oxytocin made |
Hypothalamus |
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What does the adrenal cortex make? |
Aldosterone and cortisol |
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What does the adrenal medulla make |
Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
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Where is glucagon made |
Pancreatic alpha cells |
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Where is insulin made |
Pancreatic alpha cells |
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What does glucagon and cortisol do |
Raise glucose levels in the blood |
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What does insulin do |
Lowers glucos levels |
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What is aldosterone involved in |
Na+ reabsorption K+ secretion in the kidney's collecting duct Rise in blood pressure and blood volume |
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What are fungi |
Eukaryotic heterotrophs |
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Fungi secrete ________ |
Digestive enzymes |
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Fungi absorb ________ |
Soluble products of digestions |
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Fungi are a composition of filaments called ______ |
Hyphae |
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What are hyphae collectively called |
Mycelium |
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How does fungi reproduce |
Sexually or asexually |
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Does haploid state predominates? |
Yes But they alternate between haploid and diploid stages |
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Fungi are saprophytic what does that mean |
They break down the remains of living organisms that have died |
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Are fungi motile or immotile |
Immotile |
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Do fungi have cell walls? |
Yes |
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Can fungus attack living tissue? |
Yes, such as athletes foot |
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Are fungi similar to human or bacterial cell |
More similar to haman cells than bacterial cell |
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What is a habitat |
Physical environment in which the organism lives |
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What is a niche |
Role that an organism plays in its natural community The way that the organism lives, eats and reproduces |
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What is a community |
The interacting of different populations of species |
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What is a population |
A group of individuals belonging to the same species that interbreed while occupying a given area at a given time |
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What is a biome |
Geographic region inhibited by a distinct community |
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What are different biomes? |
*Tundra *Taiga *Tropical rain forests *Savanna *Deserts *Grasslands *Temperate deciduous forests |
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What are tundra |
Dominated by moss, lichen, low-growing shrubs, cold winters and short growing season |
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What are taiga
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A coniferous forest with spruce, fir and pine trees |
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What kind of symbiosis is athlete's foot? |
Parasitism |
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What is parasitism |
One organism benefits Other is harmed |
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What is mutualism |
When both organism |
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What is commensulalism |
One organism benefits Other one is unharmed |
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What are the types of symbiosis |
*Mutualism *Parasitism *commensualism |
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What are saprophytes |
Decomposers and get energy from dead organisms or decaying matter |
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What is the food chain order |
Producers (plants) --> primary consumers (herbivoers - shrimps) --> secondary consumers (carnivors - mud crab) --> tertiary consumers (top carnivores - Striped bass) |
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What make up the largest animal phylum |
Arthropods |
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What are examples of arthropods |
Spiders Insects Crabs Lobsters |
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What defines arthropods |
Jointed legs Endoskeletons Open circulatory systems Bilateral symmetry |
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What do insects have |
Head Throax Abdomen |
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What are insect respiratory systems like
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Spiracles and tracheal tubes comprise their respiratory system |
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What do annelids have
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True coelom (body cavity) Closed circulatory system Nephridia (excretory structures) and ganglia (cluster of nerve cell bodies are present0 |
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What are examples of annelids
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Earthworm |
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What is apoptosis |
Programmed cell death |
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What is a morula |
Solid ball of cells |
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What do morula cells do |
Divide mitotically to form a hollow ball of clels called a blastula |
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what does the blastula become |
The gastrula |
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What does the ectoderm turn into |
Hair Eyes Teeth Skin Nervous system Lens of the eyes |
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What does the endoderm become |
Lining of bladder Digestive and respriatory tract Liver Pancrease Gall bladder |
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What does the mesoderm become |
Skeleton Muscles Gonads Kidney Circulatory system |
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What are the different cells of the stoamch |
Chief cells Parietal cells G-cells Mucous cells |
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What do the chief cells |
Secrete pepsinogen |
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what do the parietal cells |
Secrete HCl Intrinsic factor (B-12 absorption) |
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What do the G-cells do |
Secrete gastrin which stimulate HCl production of parietal cells |
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What do mucous cells do |
Secrete mucous |
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What does the mucous from the mucous cells do for the stomach |
Helps lubricates the stomach and protect the stomach from HCl produced |
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What phylum are starfish from |
Echinodernata |
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Do echinodernata display radial symmetry? |
Yes |
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What are exampels of coelenterates |
Jellyfish Sea anemones Hydra |
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What are features of coelenterates |
Radially symmetrical Single opening (mouth for transport and digestive purposes) Tentacles to capture prey |
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Are coelentrates carnivores |
Yes |
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What do the tentacles of coelentrates contain |
Stinging cells called nematocysts |
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What is collagen |
Fibrous protein that make up bone and connective tissue |
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What is the most abundant protein in vertebrates |
Collagen |
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Collagen is a _____ helix |
triple |
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Collagen has a triple helix present along with _____ and ______ |
Hydroxyroline Hydroxylysine |
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Every third position of a collage helix is occupied by _____ |
the amino acid glycine |
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What is scurvy |
Amino acid proline is not being hydroxylated to hydroxypoline Therefore less stability in the colalgen molecule |
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Do osteoblasts carry out mitosis |
No |
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Do osteoblasts secrete collage |
Yes |
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What do osteoblasts do |
Build bond |
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What do osteoclasts do |
Break down bone |
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If the body needs calcuium what will happen |
Bone is broken down by the ostoclasts |
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PTH (parathyroid hormone) will stimulate what |
Osteoclastic activity |
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What does calcitonin do |
Tones down the blood calcium level by decreasing osteoclastic activity |
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Can osteoclasts carry out mitosis> |
No |
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How much nucleus for cardiac muscle? |
Single nucleus |
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Does cardiac muscle have straitions? |
Yes |
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Does cardiac muscle have complex junctions between adjacent individual cells |
Yes, it is called intercalated discs |
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Are cardiac muscles voluntary or involuntary |
Involuntary |
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What is the nucleus like for skeleton muscle |
Multinucleated |
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Is skeleton muscle voluntary or involuntary |
Voluntary |
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Are skeleton muscle striated |
Yes |
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Does skeleton muscle normally undergo mitosis? |
No |
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What does skeleton muscle contain |
Thick myosin protein filaments that slide past the thin actin protein filaments
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What are nucleus like for smooth muscle |
Single nucleated |
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Where is smooth muscle found
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In walls of urinary bladder, digestive system, uterus, blood vessels |
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Is the smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary |
Involuntary
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Is smooth muscle striated or non striated |
Non striated |
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Does smooth muscle have actin and myosin? |
Yes But they are not organized into sarcomeres like seen in skeletal muscle |
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Does epinephrine increase or decrease blood glucose, blood flow to skeletal muscles |
Increase |
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Does epinephrine increase or decrease heart rate |
Increase |
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Does epinephrine increase or decrease respiratory rate |
Increase |
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Does epinephrine increase or decrease glycogenolysis |
Increase |
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Does epinephrine constrict or dilate blood vessel |
Constrict |
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What does epinephrine constricting blood vessels do? |
Decreases blood supply to digestive tract and kidneys |
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Does epineprhine dilate pupils |
Yes |
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Does epinephrine increase or decrease blood flow to brain |
Increase
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Does epinephrine increase or decrease blood pressure |
Increase
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How is a sperm-proof fertilization membrane formed |
When the cortical granules in the egg fuse with the plasma membrane As enzymes are released, biomechanical reactions harden vitelline layer that allow no further sperm from entering. Called "slow block to polyspermy" |
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Is the acrosomal reaction the fast block or slow block to polyspermy |
Fast block, in which an electrical response occurs to change the membrane potential to prevent polyspermy |
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How many cells does the xylem contain |
Two |
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What are the two cells that xylem contain?
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Tracheids Vessel members |
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What does the xylem do |
Conducts water and dissolved mineral absorbed from the soil and mechanically supports the plant |
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The ______ make up the annual growth rings used to record the age of a plant |
Yearly xylem deposits |
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What is phloem |
Another vascular tissue consisting of sieve tubes through which sugars and other solutes are conducted |
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Atmospheric N2 is coverted into ______ to be utilized by plants |
NH4+ or NO3- |
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Where are nitrogen fixing bacteria located |
In root swellings called nodules |
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What are plants that contribute to nitrogen fixation |
Legume family (Peas, peanuts, soybeans and beans are examples) |
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What is nitrogen fixation |
N2 from the atmosphere is converted to NH3 |
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What is the "flight or fight" response elicited by? |
The sympathetic nervous system |
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What is the SNS in response to |
Stressful situations |
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What class of compounds are epinephrine and norepinephrine part of |
Catecholamines |
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Is reverse transcriptase an enzyme? |
Yes |
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What does reverse transcriptase do |
RNA, rather than DNA, is the genetic material DNA is made from RNA and incoporated into the host cell Sometimes the host cell is not lysed but the virus reproduces in synchorny with the host cell and becomes a prophage and lies dormant. The virus is said to be in a lysogenic phase, but could become active if exposed to harsh environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation, stress or chemicals It is seen in retroviruses |
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What is adaptive radiation |
Number of different species that emerge from a single ancestor (Exemplifies a divergent evolution) |
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What does the hardy-weinberg law show us? |
Show us how a genotype and phenotype (what an organis looks like for a particular trait) stability can be achieved in a population |
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What does the hardy-weinberg law examine? |
Population gene pools, not genotypes of individuals Assuming a large population, rnadom mating, not net migration, no mutation, no natural selection, there should be no change in the gene pool of a population |
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Chromosomal breakage may cause what |
Duplications or deletions |
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What causes chromosomal breakage |
Viruses Chemicals Radiations |
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What is chromosomal breakage |
During an inversion, a chromosomal segment is turned around 190 degrees |
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When does a translocation result |
When two nonhomologous chromosomes interchange genes, we see the attachment of all or part of one chromosomes to another |
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How many codons does it take to make one amino acid? |
Three |
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Where does transcription occur in? |
In the nucleus |
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What does the formation of mRNA require |
Enzyme RNA polymerase |
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How many hydrogen bonds does A and T connected by |
2 |
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How many hydrogen bonds are C and G connected by
|
Three |
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The higher the percentage of C and g the more or less stable the DNa sample willbe |
More |
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The higher the percentage of C and G, the higher or lower the melting point of the molecule |
Higher |
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In ______ we see an aneuploidy |
Down Syndrom This chormosome number is different from the normal species number An extra #21 chromosome is noted (We see 47 chromosomes) |
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Why does Down Syndrom occur |
nondisjunction Failure of the chromosome to seperate |
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What is Turner Syndrome |
45 chromosomes Lacking an X chromosome Sterile female with no ovaries and little development of secondary sex characteristic |
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What is Klinefelter Syndrome |
XXY or even XXXY Sterile femminine males |
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What does semen contain |
Sperm cells plus glandular secretions |
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Where does semen come from |
Prostate gland and seminal vesicles |
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What does the vas deferens do
|
Transports sperm to the urethra then out the penis |
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What does hte Cowper's (bulbourethral) gland do? |
Add more thick mucous material to the semen |
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Where are spermatozoa matured |
Epididymis |
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What is spermatogenesis |
Sperm production |
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Where does spermatogenesis occur |
In the seminiferiou tubules of the testes |
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What do leydig cells do |
Secrete testosterone that allow sperm to mature |
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What are enzymes |
Globular proteins that lower the energy of actviation |
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Do enzymes alter delta H? |
No |
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Do enzymes alter delta G |
No |
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Do enzymes alter Keq? |
No
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What is feedback inhibition used for |
To regulate a metabolic pathway
(IE product come back to inhibit an enzyme that was used in a previous reaction) It allows for an entire reaction series to be shut down |
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Did Darwin discuss the idea of molecular genetics and mutations |
No Darwin never succeeded to explain biological variation because he lacked an understanding of genetics |
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The corpus luteum breaks down into the _______ if no fertilization occurs |
Corpus albicans |
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What does LH stimulate the corpus luteum to do |
Produce progesterone and estrogen which allows for blood vessels to grow and for the uterine lining to prepare for implantation of the egg, which is to be fertilized |
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What happens if LH was to decrease |
Progesterone levels falls which causes the uterine wall tissue to break down and menstruation begins |
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What are found in lysosomes? |
Enzymes of cellular digestion |
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What do golgi apparatus contain? |
A membrane, they are membrane-bound sacs involved in the packaging of glycoproteins |
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When is oocyte development halted |
At the primary oocyte stage until puberty |
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When is meiosis is arrested |
In Prophase I |
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What do we see during transduction |
DNA transfer by a virus |
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What is the SA node? |
"pacemaker" Small tissue mass located at the entrance of the right atrium The node delivers electrical impulses at regular intervals that allow the heart to beat. Causes atria to contract and push blood into the ventricles. |
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Is the amphioxus an invertebrae? |
Yes |
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What are the amphioxus and turnicates? |
Chordates that are not vertebrates |
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What do chordates have |
Notochord at least some time during development; however, amphioxus and turnicates do not lose their notochord |
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What do the superior and inferior vena cava both do |
Carry deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower extremities respectively to the right atria |
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Do the mitochondria have some small changes in the codon/amino acid assigments than the regular code? |
Yes |
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What do molecular chaperones prevent |
Aggregation of newly formed proteins until they can properly fold |
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What are high energy compounds? |
*ATP *Phosphoenolypyruvate *Acetyl CoA |
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What is chloecystokinin |
Hormone made by cells of the duodenum that stimulates bile release |
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Some duodenal cells produce the hormone secretin, which does what? |
Stimulates the production of pancreatic juice especially the bicarbonate portion |
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Gastrin is made where |
In the stomach |
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What does gastrin do |
Stimulates HCl secretion |
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Enterogasterone is made where |
Duodenum And also when fatty food is in the intestine |
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What does enterogasterone do |
Inhibits stomach gland secretion and slows the stomach's muscular movements By slowing the stomach's emptying more time is allowed for meals that contain fat to digest |
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Where are chemoreceptors found? |
Specialized structures located in the walls of major arteries |
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What do chemoreceptors do? |
Detect changes in H+, O2 and CO2 |
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What is the breathing rate sensitive to |
Blood CO2 H+ ion concentration |
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A small increase in either H+ or CO2 will cause an increase or decrease in breathing rate |
Increase |
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A high blood O2 partial pressure will cause an increase or decrease in breathing rate |
Decrease |
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Does the pulmonary vein carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? |
Oxygenated |
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Does the umbilical vein carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood |
Oxygenated |
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Why can blood bypass the liver in fetuses? |
Ductus venosus |
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Is most blood in the right atria party oxygenated or deoxygenated |
Partly oxygenated
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In fetuses what does the foramen ovale do? |
Allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation by entering the left atria directly from the right atria (divert blood away from the pulmonary arteries) |
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What does the ductus arteriosus do/ |
Conducts some blood from the pulmonary artery in the aorta thus bypassing the lungs |
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What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system? |
Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
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When stimulated what does the sympathetic nervous system allow? |
Allows you to respond to stress (IE increased heart rate Blood pressure pupil dilation Decrease in blood flow to kidneys and digestive organs) |
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system allows for? |
Opposite of sympathetic Digestion and elimination is enhanced |
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What does the cerebellum involved with |
Muscle coordination
Balance Equilibrium |
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What does the corpus callosum |
Large myelinated tracts divides the brain hemisphere Allows the left and right brain to communicate |
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What does the central nervous system consist of? |
Brain and spinal cord |
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What is the peripheral nervous system |
Is all of the nervous system not part of the CNS Includes nerves and ganglia |
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What are the two parts of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
Somatic nervous system (motor and sensory neurons) Autonomic Nervous System |
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During the light reaction, a _______ is produced within the thylakoids |
High [H+] |
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The light requiring reactions of photosynthesis produce what |
NADH Build a high concentration of H+ ions which are used to make ATP |
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Does ATP production need light? |
No
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In the dark reaction, which occurs in the _______ |
Stroma of the chloroplasts |
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What are both used in the "fixation" of carbon in the dark reaction? |
ATP and NADH |
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For the carbon fixation of a dark reaction, ______ is incorporated into carbohydrate molecules |
CO2 |
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The Calvin Cycle (dark reaction) requires what |
2 ATP 2 NADPH for each CO2 molecule incorporated into carbohydrate |
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The production of ribulose bisphosphate requires what |
1 ATP A total of 3 ATP and 2 NADPH are used for each CO2 molecule that becomes carbohydrate |
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______ is a byproduct of the light reaction |
O2 |
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Can the dark reaction occur with light? |
Yes, as long as ATP and NADPH and H+ are present |
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Can the dark reaction occur without light? |
Yes, as long as ATP and NADPH and H+ are present |
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_______ is made during the dark reaction from CO2 and ribulose |
PGAL |
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_____ turns of the Calvin cycle are needed to produce a glucose molecule |
Six |
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What does the axial skeleton include |
Skull Vertebra Ribs |
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What does the appendicular skeleton include |
Bones of arms and legs Bones of the pelvic and pectorial girdle |
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What do ligaments connect? |
Bone to bone |
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What do tendons connect
|
Bone to muscle |
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What are at the ends of long bones |
Epiphyseal plate |
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What is an epiphyseal plate |
Regions of cartilaginous cells where growth occurs |
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Compact bone contain structural units called ______ |
Haversian systems |
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_______ pass through the haversian canals |
Blood vessels and nerves |
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Class Gastropoda is the largest ______ class |
Molluscan |
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What are examples in the Class Gastropoda |
Slugs and snails |
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What is the characteristic of class gastropoda? |
Single shell |
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What does class crustacean include? |
Crab Shrimp Lobster Crayfish Barnacles |
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What are examples in class arachnida |
Spiders Ticks Scorpians Mites |
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What are examples in class cepthalopoda |
Octopus Squid |
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Is glucose stored in the liver? |
No |
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_______ is stored in the liver |
Glycogen |
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What does pancreatic beta cell secrete |
Insulin |
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What does insulin do? |
Decrease blood glucose levels |
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Where is glycogen stored? |
Liver and skeletal muscle |
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Analogous structures illustrate ______ |
Convergent evolution |
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What is convergent evolution |
Two unrelated species have close resemblances (IE Cacti and euphorbs) |
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What is transpiration |
Water loss by evaporation from leaves |
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What does hydrolysis involve |
The use of H2O to split a molecule |
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What is hydration |
Addition of H2O |
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What is translocation |
Attachment of all or a portion of one chromosome to another |
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What is diapause |
Resting condition in the life of an insect It is similar to the vertebrae's hibernation |
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What happens if you do not have enough ADH (vasopressin)? |
You would lose H2O , large quantities of urine would be produced |
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What is characteristic of diabetes mellitus? |
Sugar in the urine |
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For renal tubules, the _____ is where most reabsorption occurs? |
PCT |
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What is the glomerulus involved with |
Blood filtration |
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What is the glomerulus |
Capillary bed lying in the bowman's capsule |
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What is glomerular filtration? |
Fluid from the blood is filtered through the glomerulus in a process called glomerular filtration |
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The glomerular filtrate lacks what |
Blood cells and proteins |
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Are substances such as sugars are activitely reabsorbed? |
Yes |
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What is the driving force for glomerular filtration |
Blood pressure
(Hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus) |
|
|
The distal convoluted tubules is the main area _______ |
Where secretion occurs (K+, H+ by active transport and NH3 by diffusion)
|
|
|
Does H+ secretion regulate blood pH? |
Yes |
|
|
Where does urine leave the kidney |
Through the ureters |
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|
The Kangaroo rate survives by eating dry seeds that are ____ in fat and carbs but _____ in protein |
High Low |
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The oxidation of fat provides _____ for survival |
Needed water |
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What do we see in PKU disease |
We see a high amount of amino acid phenylalanine in the blood. Mental retardation can result if left untreated |
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|
Children with PKU must be on a diet that is _____ |
Low in phenylalanine
|
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Are individuals with PKU disease homozygous recessive? |
Yes |
|
|
Individuals with PKU lack _______ |
The needed enzyme of phenylalanine metabolism |
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Where do we find the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
Muscle cells |
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|
________ triggers an action potential that passes along the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
Acetylcholine |
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|
Calcium ions are released from the ________ and allow for ______ |
*Terminal cisternae *Filament sliding |
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Does RBC have mitochondria? |
No |
|
|
Does RBC have a TCA cycle? |
No, because don't have mitochondria |
|
|
The RBC derives its energy from what |
Glycolysis anaerobic respiration |
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|
Where does the glycolysis anaerobic respriation of the RBC occur? |
In the cytosol |
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|
Where is the electron transport chain contained?
|
Within the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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As we increase the degree of unsaturation (IE increases the fatty acids with a double bond in their structure) what happens to fluidity |
Increases |
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As we increase the degree of unsaturation (IE increases the fatty acids with a double bond in their structure) what happens to melting point |
Decreases |
|
|
The cis-double bond causes what |
puts a kink into the molecule and prevents it from tightly packing into a crystal |
|
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In a warmer environment, the orgnaism would want to increase or decrease its percent of saturated fatty acids |
Increase, to make sure the membrane does not get too fluid like |
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As we increase the degree of saturation, we increase or decrease melting point |
Increase |
|
|
As we increase the degree of saturation, we increase or decrease fluidity |
Decrease |
|
|
Prokaryotes lack what in their cell membrane |
Cholesterol in their cell membrane |
|
|
What does the retina contain |
Visual purple (Rhodopsin) |
|
|
What is rhodopsin (visual purple) |
Light sensitive pigment |
|
|
What is saltatory conduction |
When the impulse jumps from node to node Increases velocity several fold |
|
|
Each villus of the small intestine contains what |
A capillary network and a lacteal that absorb nutrients Nutrients carried into the bloodstream |
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The nutrient rich blood is conveyed through the ______ to the liver which will regulate the blood nutrient content |
Hepatic portal vessel |
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The ______ has first "access" to nutrient that have been consumed by a person after a meal |
Hepatic portal vein |
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As glucose-rich blood passes through the liver, what happens? |
Excess glucose is removed and stored in the liver as glycogen |
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The liver will remove ______ from the blood to prevent tissue damage |
Excess glucose and amino acids |
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Waht is the blood flow from the villus |
Villi-bloodstream -> Liver -> heart -> Body Blood will leave the liver and be transported to the heart which then pumps blood to the rest of the body |
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What defines the primary structure of nucleic acids |
Sequence of bases |
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|
All organisms use _______ as their DNA bases, but in different use sequence |
A, C, G, T |
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|
What does anaerobic pathways refer to? |
Glycolysis |
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|
Are cells of the ascending loop permeable or impermeable to water |
Impermeable |
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|
As urine descends the loop of henle does it become more or less concentration |
More |
|
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As urine ascends the loop of henle does it become more or less concentrated |
Less |
|
|
Do mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA? |
Yes |
|
|
Mitochondria and chloroplasts may have originated as _____ |
Symbiotic Prokaryotes |
|
|
Many ezymes found in bacterial cell membranes are also found in ______ membrane |
Mitochondrial
|
|
|
Are bacterial ribosomes similar in size and composition to mitochondrial ribosomes? |
Yes |
|
|
What are lacteals |
Small lymph vessels |
|
|
Where are lacteals found |
Within the villi |
|
|
What do the lacteals in the villi do |
Absorb digested fatty acids |
|
|
Is bile an enzyme? |
No |
|
|
What is bile |
Emulsifying agent It will emulsify fats and contains sodium bicarbonate that helps to neutralize the stomach acid along with pancreatic juice |
|
|
Where is bile made
|
By the liver |
|
|
Where is bile sotred?
|
Gall bladder |
|
|
What are villi |
Finger-like projections on the wall of the small intestine They help to increase surface area and absorb nutrients |
|
|
Are neutrophils phagocytic cells? |
Yes |
|
|
Do neutrophils develop into macrophages? |
No |
|
|
What are cells that develop into macrophages |
Monocytes |
|
|
Where do b-cells develop |
In the fetal liver and spleen |
|
|
What do B-cells do |
Produce antibodies that are in the blood and lymph |
|
|
What are t-cells involved in? |
Immune reactions |
|
|
Where do t-cells develop in? |
Thymus |
|
|
What does hemizygous mean? |
Having only one single copy of a gene instead of two (IE male has XY sex-chromosome and is said to be hemizygous) |
|
|
Each chromosome consists of |
Two longitudinal halves called chromatids |
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|
What is the constriction nearest the center is the area of attachment called the ______ |
centriomere |
|
|
Osteichithys include what |
Bony fish |
|
|
Class agnatha include what |
Hagfish Lamprey |
|
|
What does class agnatha lack |
Bones Scales Fins |
|
|
For autosomal Recessive Inheritance, are males and females equally or not equally affected? |
Equally |
|
|
If both parents have the trait for an autosomal recessive inheritance, will all offspring be affected |
Yes |
|
|
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance, carriers (heterozygotes) do they have the trait |
No |
|
|
Does Autosomal Recessive Inheritance skip generations? |
Yes Children that have the trait may very well have parents that do not |
|
|
How can unlimited copies of DNA be made |
By the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure |
|
|
What does the PCR procedure do? |
It allows the scientist to quickly clone DNA in a test tube rather than in living cells |
|
|
Pyruvate loses ______ in the matri of the mitochondria and combines with _____ to become _____ |
*CO2 *COA *Acetyl CoA |
|
|
_____ enters the TCA cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate to form citrate |
Acetyl CoA |
|
|
Did amphibians or lobe-finned fish come first |
Amphibians |
|
|
Lobe-finned fish are represented today by _______ |
A single species that lives in the deep sea off MAdagascar |
|
|
What are examples of amphibians |
Salamanders Frogs Toads |
|
|
The oldest known bird is what |
Archaeopteryx |
|
|
What did the archaeopteryx resemble |
The reptiles thtl ived about 160 million years ago |
|
|
______ resemble reptiles today |
Birds |
|
|
Why do birds resemble reptiles today |
*They lay eggs *HAve scaly legs *Horned beaks *contain many of reptillian internal structures |
|
|
Do prokaryotes such as bacteria have a mitochondria |
No |
|
|
Do prokaryotes such as bacteria carry out the TCA cycle? |
No |
|
|
Do prokaryotes such as bacteria carry out glycolysis |
Yes |
|
|
Do prokaryotes have their own electron transport system? |
Yes |
|
|
What does the hypothalamus regulate |
*Heart *Arterial blood pressure *Produce neuroscretory substances *Regulate H2O *Regulate electrolyte balance *Body temperature *Maintain homeostasis |
|
|
What phase is crossing over seen in
|
Prophase I |
|
|
In eukaryotes, what occurs during corssing over? |
Genetic recombination |
|
|
When is induction first seen |
Gastruation |
|
|
What is induction? |
Is an embryo in which one tissue causes another to differentiate. |
|
|
Before leaving the nucleus what happens to the primary transcript |
Is cut into exons (expressed DNA sequence) and no introns (DNA sequence that is cut out it has no known function) |
|
|
What is thylakoid |
Flattened sac, whose membranes contain the pigments that include chlorophyll |
|
|
What does the islets of Langerhans represent? |
A collection of alpha and beta cells of the pancreas |
|
|
What does the alpha cells secrete? |
Glucagon |
|
|
What do the beta cells of the pancreas secrete |
Insulin |
|
|
Beginning at puberty, what do the leydig cells in the testes secrete? |
Testosterone |
|
|
What does lactate formation produce |
NAD+ |
|
|
What is necessary for glycolysis to continue? |
NAD+ |
|
|
What does Chargaff's Rule say |
The sum of the purines (adrenine and guanine) equals
A+ G = C +T |
|
|
Is uracil a purine or pyrimidine? |
Pyramidine |
|
|
Is uracil found in DNA? |
No |
|
|
Does DNA form a double stranded molecule? |
Yes |
|
|
Does RNA form a double stranded molecule? |
No |
|
|
What does a sweat gland being apocrine mean? |
Responds to stressW |
|
|
hat does a sweat gland being eccrine mean? |
They are responsible for maintenance of body temperature |
|
|
As we age does the activity of sweat glands increase or decrease |
Decrease |
|
|
What happens when the activity of sweat glands decrease when we age?
|
They may become replaced by fibrous tissue |
|
|
What happens to our skin when we age |
The skin becomes dry and loses oils due to the decrease in sebaceous gland activity |
|
|
As body temperature increases, what happens to blood vessels? |
They dilate |
|
|
Why does blood vessels dilate as body temperature increases? |
To allow blood to enter the dermis and dissipate some of the heat |
|
|
What are cnidoblasts? |
Specialized cells located in the tentacles and body wall of coelenterates |
|
|
What are the interior of the cnidoblasts filled by |
Stinging cells (nematocysts) |
|
|
DNA will replicate in a _____ manner |
Semi-conservative Each strand has one new DNA strand and one parental (original) strand |
|
|
Each nucleotide is bound to the next in both RNA nad DNA by a _____ bond |
Phosphodiester 3' OH of one nucleotide is joined to the 5' OH of the next |
|
|
Are DNA strands parallel or antiparallel |
Antiparallel The two DNA strands run in opposite directions |
|
|
Does each trophic level of the food pyramid represent the same or different quantities of potenital (stored) energy? |
Different |
|
|
Which have the greatest sotred energy on the food pyramid |
Producers (IE plants) having the greatest |
|
|
Does energy and mass increase or decrease as you move up the food energy pyramid |
Decrease |
|
|
What is the food pyramid going from top to bottom |
Carnivors (tertiary consumers) Carnivores (Secondary consumers) Herbivores (Primary consumers) Producers (Plants) |
|
|
What is polyspermy |
Entry of more than one sperm into an egg |
|
|
What can polyspermy cause |
Abnormal development |
|
|
How does a sea urchin protect itself from polyspermy |
The sea urchin develops a fertilization membrane within a minute after a sperm has entered the egg. This will act to block additional sperm. When a sperm enters an egg the egg surface changes as a wave of negativity spreads out over the surface, thus preventing the other sperm from entering |
|
|
Many human diseases are due to? |
Roundworms and flatworms M |
|
|
Meat can contain a roundworm called _____ that can be fatal |
Trichnella Spiralis |
|
|
Is the umbilical avascular? |
No, it is well endowed with blood vessels |
|
|
What does the the umbilical connect |
Connects the embryo to the yolk sac, allantois and amnion |
|
|
What is the chorion |
Chorion becomes part of the placenta ad secretes chorionic gonadotropin hormone which will maintain the corpus luteum. |
|
|
What does the corpus luteum do |
Secrete progesterone that will help maintain the uterine lining And after about three months, the placenta produces the needed progesterone and estrogen |
|
|
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis |
Stratum germinativum |
|
|
What does the stratum germinativum contain |
The melanocytes |
|
|
What is the outermost layer of the epidermis |
Stratum corneum |
|
|
What does the stratum corneum contain? |
Dead epithelial cells
|
|
|
What is below the epidermis |
The dermis |
|
|
What does the dermis consist of |
Connective tissue Erector muscles Hair follicles Sensory receptors Sweat and sebaceous glands |
|
|
What is the pleurae |
Thin, smooth membranous outer covering of the lungs |
|
|
What are alveoli |
Basic respiratory units where actual exchange occurs by passive diffusion |
|
|
What is a sinus |
Cavity or hollow space in a bone |
|
|
What is a peritoneum |
Tissue that covers all of the digestive organs and lines the body cavity |
|
|
What is the pinna |
Fleshy, outer portion of the eternal ear |
|
|
What is the stroke volume |
Volume of blood that is discharged from the ventricles with each contraction |
|
|
What is cardiac output |
The volume that is discharged from the ventricle each minuteW |
|
|
What is the equation for cardiac output? |
Stroke volume x heart rate |
|
|
Are steroid hormones lipid-soluble? |
Yes |
|
|
What does it mean that steroid hormones are lipid-soluble |
They can easily pass through cell membranes |
|
|
What are steroid hormones synthesized from |
Cholesterol
|
|
|
What do we see from achondroplasia |
Dwarfism |
|
|
What is the height for dwarfism? |
Less than 4 feet 5 inches |
|
|
What do we see in progeria |
Autosomal recessive inheritance whereby premature aging is seen |
|
|
What is premature aging symptoms |
Before age 10, a child is wrinkled, hair has thinned, arthritis has set in and they have arteriosclerosis
|
|
|
Do all reactions for carbon fixation (CO2 is incorporated into organi-materials) occuri n the light or dark |
Dark |
|
|
What are examples of homologous structures |
Common ancestor
IE wing of bat Flipper of whale Arm of man Foreleg of cat |
|
|
What is a zygote |
Fertilized egg |
|
|
Is a zygote haploid or diploid
|
Diploid |
|
|
How many chambered hearts do mammals and birds have |
Four-chambered heart |
|
|
How many chambered hearts do fish have |
Two-chambered heart |
|
|
Amphibians and reptiles have how many chambered hearts |
Three-chambered heart |
|
|
Is a fern a vascular or avascular plant |
Vascular Contains xylem and phloem tissue |
|
|
How do ferns reproduce |
By spores
|
|
|
Do ferns have seeds and flowers |
No |
|
|
What is the life cycle of a fern refrred to as |
Alteration of genration which includes a sporophytic and gametophytic phase |
|
|
Are angiosperms and gymnosperms seed-producing plants |
Yes
|
|
|
Hwo old is the earth |
4.5 byo |
|
|
When did eukaryotes arose |
0.5 billion years ago |
|
|
When did prokaryotes arose |
3.5 billion years ago |
|
|
Which lung is larger, right or left? |
Right Because the left has the cardiac notchW |
|
|
What does microarray do? |
Examine many gene and determine which are expressed in a particular cell type W |
|
|
What are examples of monotomes? |
Platypus and echindas |
|
|
Do monotomes lay eggs? |
Yes |
|
|
What is a marsupial |
Has an embryotic sac in pouch IE Kangaroo |
|
|
What is chitin? |
Polysaccharides containg glucose molecule with nitrogen groups attached Is a polymer of amino acids |
|
|
What do cell walls of fungi contain? |
Chitin |
|
|
What does the Na+/K+ pump do |
3 Na+ out 2 K+ in (Against gradient; use ATP_ |
|
|
What does oubain ordigitalis do |
Na+ build up |
|
|
What does colchichine do |
Alkaloid inhibits polymerazation of tubulin into microtubules |
|
|
Will mitosis stop is colchichine is present? |
Yes |
|
|
|
Microtubules and associated proteins |
|
|
What does the thyroid produce |
Calcitonin and iodine-containing hormone (thyrone and thrilothryonine) |
|
|
What does sympathetic innervation innvervation of kidneys primarily do |
Affect arterioles and cause constriction which decreases urine output |
|
|
What binds to nuclear receptors |
Steroid hormone (IE estrogen, testosterone and progesterone) |
|
|
What are angiosperms |
Double fertilization of egg nucleus and central nucleus. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg; form a 2N zygote. Other sperm nucleus fertilizes 2 haploid central nuclei forming a 3N endosperm nucleus, which is a nutritive tissue. The endosperm will provide nutrients to developing embryo |
|
|
What do earthworms need for gas exchange? |
Moist skin because they have no respriatory organs and salt can destroy this |
|
|
What allows human twins to be produced |
Indeterminate cleavage of zygote |
|
|
What does the hepatic vein do |
Allow blood to leave liver and empty into the IVC and into the heart |
|
|
Once bilirubin enters the blood what could it ause |
Jaundice
|
|
|
Do autotrophs make their own food |
Yes (go from inoganic raw materials to organic materials) |
|
|
Is a plant an autotroph? |
Yes, it is a photoautotroph since it uses light to make its own protein, lipids and carbohydrates |
|
|
What do ciliary muscle do for the eye |
Change lens shape
|
|
|
What are echindodermis |
Intervertebres such as starfish, sea urchin and sea cucumberW |
|
|
What is convergent evolution |
Similar function Different origin |
|
|
What does pluripotent stem cells give rise to |
Erythrocytes, platelets and potential line of white blood cells |
|
|
Blood clot (thrombus) may cause what |
Heart attack or stroke |
|
|
Where does kidney produce erythropoietin |
In tissues that are not receiving enough oxygen Red blood cell produced in the bone marrow is stimulated |
|
|
Which blood cell is most abundant |
ErythrocytesWh |
|
|
Which blood cell is least abundant |
Leukocytes |
|
|
During an injury, the release of histame will cause what to happen |
Vasodilation and will allow white blood cell to squeeze out of the capillaries |
|
|
What is a arryeloma cell |
Cancer cell with ability to indefinite growth |
|
|
What are prostagladins |
Modified fatty acids to decrease fever, pain sensation and inflammation |
|
|
Does aspirin increase or decrease prostagladin acivity |
Inhibit |
|
|
How many functions does the pancreas have |
Dual function Exocrine tissue produce lipases, amylases and proteases and eports them to small intestine VIA pancreatic duct Endocrine function is the produce hormones such as iinsulin and glucagon How |
|
|
How does norepinephrine affect glycogen |
It acts with epinephrine to increase glycogen breakdown and release glucose into bloodstream |
|
|
Can norepinephrine act as a neurotransmitter |
Yes |
|
|
What does adrenal glands make |
Hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol and aldosterone |
|
|
What do endonucleases do |
Cut DNA at a particular segmentW |
|
|
What happens to the fetus during the 1st trimester |
Organs develop |
|
|
What trimester is the fetus most sensitive to drugs and radiation |
First trimester |
|
|
When is an embryo called a fetus |
after 8 weeks |
|
|
What happens during the second trimester |
Very active Uterus will grow |
|
|
What happens during the third trimester |
Final growth to about 1.6 feet and 7 pounds |
|
|
How are disulfide bonds broken |
Through reducing conditions |
|
|
Neutrophils are ____ % of WBC |
60 |
|
|
What do lymph nodes contain |
B-Cells T-Cells Macrophages |
|
|
What do large macrophages contain |
Fibrin-like pseudopudia that can attach to bacterium
|
|
|
What are the largest phagocytic cell? |
Macrophages |
|
|
Are fixed macrophages very numberous in lympathic organs such as spleen and lymph nodes? |
Yes |
|
|
What happens to neutrophils |
Average life span of a few days and then self destruct as foreign invader is destroyed |
|
|
Do analogous sturcutres evolve independently |
Yes They are built from different structure (No common origin but have similar functions) |
|
|
What triggers a fixed-action pattern?
|
Specific environment stimulus triggers a complex, coordinated behavioral response |
|
|
Are fixed-action patterns learned? |
No |
|
|
What is the simplest fixed-action pattern |
Reflexes |
|
|
Lymphocytes make ____% of WBC
|
30 |
|
|
What is lymph? |
Tissue fluid that contains water, protien, salt, sugar and urea |
|
|
What does the lymph system do |
Returns excess interstitutial fluid to the blood Also absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamin from the digestive system and transport |
|
|
What are examples of lymph organs
|
Spleen |
|
|
What does the spleen contain |
Lymphocytes (Destroy invaders)D |
|
|
Does the lymph system aid the immune system? |
Yes, it destroys pathogens |
|
|
What is apoptosis? |
Programmed cell death W |
|
|
What does the second law of thermodynamics say? |
Systes move toward higher entorpy Energy trans by some amoutn of loss Energy required for highng organism system For most system, heat rep energy loss |
|
|
What is yellow bone marrow function as |
Fat storage
|
|
|
In spongy bone, what do we see |
Red marrow that functions in formation of RBC, WBC and platelets
|
|
|
If blood cell supply is low is it posisble that yellow bone marrow changes to red bone marrow/ |
Yes |
|
|
Platelets arise from what |
Large, multinucleated cells in the red marrow called megakaryocytes |
|
|
What is gibbrellins |
Plant hormones that may induce certain plants to flowers as well as allow stem elongation W |
|
|
What does ethylene stimulate |
Fruit ripening |
|
|
What is abscisic acid do |
Inhibitor of plant growth hormones |
|
|
What are cytokines |
Plant hormones inovled with promoting cell division |
|
|
What are microbodies |
Peroxisomes Converts perioxide into H2O and O2 W |
|
|
Collagen consists of a ______ helix |
Triple
|
|
|
x |
x |
