David Myer Psychology "chapter 7: Learning"

is any relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.

organisms learn that certain events occur together. Two types of associative learning are: Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning.

created by Pavlov, a type of learning in which neutral stimulus (NS) becomes capable of triggering a conditioned response after having become associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US).

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only observable behaviors without reference to mental processes.

unlearned, involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus.

the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers the reflexive unconditioned response.

learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus, which results from acquired association between CS and US.

originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a CR after association with an unconditioned stimulus.

initial stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strengthened. In operant conditioning, it is the strengthening of a reinforced response.

pairing a CS with a neutral stimulus may cause the latter to become weak CS itself.

the weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer followed by the US; in operant condition, extinction occurs when a response is no longer reinforced.

reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period.

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the original CS to evoke a CR.

in classical conditioning, that refers to the ability to distinguish the CS from similar stimuli that do not signal a US. In operant conditioning, it refers to responding differently to stimuli that signal behavior will be reinforced or will not be reinforced

occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Ex) CR or UR's

create by Skinner, a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if follow by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

proposed by Thorndike, that states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to recur, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

experimental chamber for operant conditioning on an animal like a pigeon or rat. This chamber enables scientists to investigate present or visual or auditory stimuli, deliver reinforcement or punishment, and measure simple responses.

operant conditioning procedure for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

used in Operant Conditioning which helps strengthen the behavior it follows

strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after that response

strengthens a response by removing an aversive pleasurable stimulus after that response

powers are inborn and do not depend on learning

stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers; aka secondary reinforcers

operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response after every time it occurs.

operant procedure of reinforcing a response intermittently,

reinforcement is presented after a SET NUMBER OF RESPONSES

reinforcement is presented after A VARYING NUMBER RESPONSES

in which a response is reinforced after A SPECIFIED TIME HAS ELAPSED

responses are reinforced after VARYING INTERVALS OF TIME

presentation of an aversive stimulus, such has shock, which decreases the behavior it follows

Mental picture of one's environment

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

desire to perform a behavior for it's own sake, rather than for some external reason and ot be effective

desire to perform a behavior in order to obtain a reward or avoir a punishment

learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others

process o watching and then imitating the specific behavior and is thus an important means through which observational learning occurs.

neural basis of observational learning which generate impulses when certain actions are performed or when another individual who performs those actions is observed

positive, helpful and constructive and is subject to the same principles of observational learning as is undesirable behavior such as aggression