Dds Tablets

___________ are solid dosage forms consisting of active ingredient(s) and suitable pharmaceutical excipients

Advantages of tablets

Disadvantages

Classification of Tablets

1.

2.

________________________ - a tablet prepared, usually as a large-scale production, by means of great pressure; Most compressed tablets consist of the active ingredient and a diluent, binder, disintegrator, and lubricant.

__________________ - small disc shaped tablets which are prepared by forcing the soft mass into the cavities of mold. - potent medicaments and highly toxic drugs in small doses are used for preparing the molded tablets

Types of Compressed Tablets

_______________________- The tablet that contains active ingredient of unpleasant taste may be covered with sugar to make it more palatable.

- This type of tablet should be administered in whole form.

Example of sugar coated tabs

_______________________ The tablet is coated with a membrane of polymeric substances that improves physicochemical stability of the drug and delays the rate of drug absorption.

Example of film coated tabs

__________________________ The tablet is coated with an acid-resistant substance that will dissolve only in the less acidic portions of the intestines

Example of enteric coated tabs.

2 types of Multiple Compressed Tablets (MCT)

- tablets made more than one compression

- these are the compressed tablets in which the granules of incompatible substances are compressed in to two or more layers successively in the same tablet.

- the granules of incompatible ingredients are compressed around the previously compressed tablet

- design the tablets in a manner to provide medication over a period of time.

Types of Controlled – Release Tablets

________________________- contain Sodium bicarbonate, Citric or Tartaric acid- ____________ –crumble and lack mechanical strength-

____________ alone results in a sticky mixture

Types of Molded Tablets or Tablet Triturates (TT)

___________________ These tablets are prepared for providing an accurate and convenient quantity of drug that can be incorporated readily in compounding other dosage form.

_____________________- are the soft, readily soluble tablets which are made in the tablet triturate mold.

- used for preparing solution to be injected

Components of Tablets

Essential Components

Compression Aide

Supplementary Components

Diluents

_____________ – Lactose Anhydrous

• Synonyms of anhydrous lactose

Functional Category:

Directly compressible tablet excipient

dry powder inhaler carrier

lyophilization aid

tablet and capsule diluent

tablet and capsule filler

Advantages of diluents

Disadvantages of diluents

Diluents – Starches ( Wheat, Corn, Rice Potato)

• Synonyms:

• Functional Category:

Diluents for Chewable tablets

Diluents for Antibiotics

________________________- Impart cohesive properties to the powdered material

- Include Starch, Gelatin, Glucose, Sucrose, Acacia, Sodium alginate, Irish moss extract, panwar gum, ghatti gum, isapol husk mucilage, CMC, methylcellulose, PVP, Veegum, arabogalactam larch- PEG, Ethylcellulose, waxes, water and alcohol

__________________ – aqueous solution of cornstarch ____________ w/w

It usually is prepared as it is to be used, by dispersing cornstarch in sufficient cold purified water to make a ________ w /w suspension and warming in a water bath with continuous stirring until a translucent paste forms.

_________________________________ 10% – 20% w/w The gelatin is added to cold purified water and allowed to stand until it is hydrated. It then is warmed in a water bath to dissolve the gelatin, and the solution is made up to the final volume on a weight basis to give the concentration desired.

_____________________________: 25% - 50% w/w

___________________________________ 5% w/w

______________________________&% - can be used as an aqueous or alcoholic solution

Disintegrants

employed in Dry state

Bentonite and Veegum

Cellulose –

Algin –

Gums –

Super disinitegarants (2-4%)

________________ – Cross-linked cellulose (10 sec)

________________ – Cross-liked polymer

__________________________ – cross-linked starch (30 sec)

_______________ - it reduces the friction between the inner and tablet edge during the ejection life cycle.

- Talc, Magnesium stearate, Calcium stearate, Stearic Acid, Glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated veg oils, PEG

- used in concentrations below 1% except _________ (5%)- when used too much will cause waterproofing the tablets.

- all lubricants must undergo _____________ i.e sifted/meshed

___________ – improve the flow characteristics of granulations - always added in dry state - Colloidal silicon dioxide Cab-o-sil (Cabot) >1% - talc is also employed

______________________ – prevent tablet granulations or materials from sticking to the faces of punches and die walls.

Colorants

FD&C – Food , Drugs and CosmeticsD&C – Drugs and CosmeticsExternal D&C – Drug and Cosmetics

________ – water soluble

________ – water insoluble- dyes adsorbed in aluminum hydroxide

Coloring PharmaceuticalsDistinction between agent and coloring agent

Sulfur = ;

Riboflavin = ;

Cupric sulfate = ;

Ferrous sulfate = ;

Cyanocobalamin = ;

Red mercuric iodide

Approved Color Additives Are ClassifiedInto 3 Groups

1. FD & C dyes - legally used in food,drugs and cosmetics

2. D & C dyes - legally used in drugs andcosmetics

3. ____________________ - legally used only to color externally applied drugs and cosmetics

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE SELECTION OF COLORANT OR DYE

used internally should be certified

Characteristics of a dye before gaining certification

AESTHETIC VALUE

.Liquid preparations - the amount is ranging from __________ to _________%depending upon the colorant and intensity desired.

________________________________________- generally larger proportion is required (0.1%).

____________________________ -no color additives

Examples of color formulation

1. Orange Yellow #6, #5 and Red #40

2. Cherry Red #40 and Blue #1

3. Strawberry Red # 40 and Red #3

4. Grape Red #40 and Blue #1

5. Lemon Yellow # 5

6. Chocolate Red # 40, Yellow #5 and Blue #1

____________________ - Often found on chewable tablets - Available in spray dried beadlets and oils - Never incorporated during wet processing - Aqueous flavors are not recommended

Sweetening Agents

Natural:- sucrose, (sugar cane, cane beet, sugar maple)- Honey (Apis mellifera)- Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana)

Artificial: - _____________ – has bitter after taste _____________ – methylester dipeptide of phenylalanine and aspartaric acid ______________________ – used more in confectionary

Flavoring AgentsSweet: honey mixtures, fruits, berries, maple, vanilla

Bitter: chocolate, anise, cherry mint, nut, fennel

Sour: citrus, rootbeer, anise, cherry, strawberry, licorice

Salty: butterscotch, maple, peach, melon, raspberry

Metallic: grape, lemon, lime

Alkaline: chocolate, cream, Vanilla, mint

________________ Useful when ethereal oils, ethereal solution of oil-soluble drugs, fluid extracts and eutectic melts are present in a tablet formulation

Examples of adsorbents are

Four Major Techniques for Coating

deposition of sucrose solution

deposition of polymeric film

– coated particles are um in size

Basic Process of Coating

___________________ – coats both sugar and film coating - provides hot or cold air

__________________ – materials are placed in baskets

– coating materials are atomized and applied to tablets inside the columnar coating chamber.

The reasons for tablet coating

The general methods involved in coating tablets are as follows

The sugarcoating of tablets may be divided into the following steps:

__________________________________ (if needed) aim: to prevent the components from being adversely affected by moisture; one or more coats; shellac , zein , or a polymer as cellulose acetate phthalate

________________aim: to bond the sugar coating to the tablet and provide rounding

a) ___-___ subcoats of a sugar-based syrup are applied. The sucrose and water syrup also contains gelatin, acacia, or PVP.

b) When the tablets are partially dry they are sprinkled with a dusting powder, usually a mixture of powdered sugar and starch but sometimes talc, acacia, or precipitated chalk as well.

c) Then drying the tablets. Repetition (15 to 18 times) the subcoating process until the tablets are of the desired shape and size.

__________________________________aim: to complete the rounding and smooth the coatings 5 to 10 additional coatings of a thick syrup;

This syrup is sucrosebased with or without additional components as _________&____________________

_________________________ aim: to attain final smoothness and the appropriate color several coats of a thin syrup containing the desired colorant

_____________aim: to impart identification codes and other distinctive symbols to the product

The imprint may be debossed, embossed, engraved, or printed on the surface with ink.

______________aim: to render the tablets the desired sheen/gloss/luster

a) pans lined with canvas cloth impregnated with carnauba wax and/or beeswax

b) Pieces of wax may be placed in a polishing panc) light-spraying of the tablets with wax dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent

DISADVANTAGES OF SUGAR COATING1) The disadvantages of sugarcoating process

ADVANTAGES OF FILM COATING

The components of nonaqueous film-coating solutions:a)

film former: e.g. CAPb)

alloying substance: to provide water solubility or permeability to the film e.g. PEGc) plasticizer: to render flexibility and elasticity to the coating e.g. castor oild)

surfactant: to enhance spreadability of the film e.g. polyoxyethylenesorbitan derivativese)

opaquants and colorants: e.g. titanium dioxide, FD&C or D&C dyesf)

sweeteners, flavors, and aromas: saccharin, vanilling)

glossant: beeswaxh)

volatile solvent: alcohol-acetone mixture