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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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early scheme for thinking of oneself as male or female (incl physical, emotional, cognitive, & social domains.
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gender identification
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_____ describes issues of right & wrong that surface constantly as a result of child's newly-acquired abilities for independent thought & exposure to wider range of social influences
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moral development
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person's biological maleness or femaleness determined by chromosomal info
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sex
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refers to integrated cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral patterns associated w/ being a boy or a girl in one's culture
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gender
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refers to one's preference for & attraction to sexually intimate partners
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sexual orientation
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cultural expectations about appropriate behavior for boys & girls; sex stereotypes.
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gender role standards
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personal theories about cultural expectations and stereotypes related to gender
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gender schemes
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process through which one person incorporates the values & beliefs of another
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identification (parental if about parents)
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process through which something becomes a part of one's own belief system
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internalization
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combination of gender typicality & gender contentedness
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gender preference
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refers to whether a child fits in w/others of the same sex, likes to do same activities as others of same sex, is good at same activities, and displays typical traits of being boy or girl.
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gender typicality
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means the child likes being the sex proscribed at birth (doesn't wish to be opposite sex.)
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gender contentedness
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strong aversion to some or all of characteristics or roles associated with own sex
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gender dysphoria
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having been disciplined in the past for wrongdoing, child contemplating a misdeed should feel tension. What is the name of this process?
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avoidance conditioning
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___ means that by observing and imitating helpful models, children can learn prosocial behavior.
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observation of models
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child's active construction of moral meaning
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moral reasoning
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rules understood as fixed, unchangeable aspects of social reality
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heterogeneous morality
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children see rules as products of cooperative agreements
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autonomous morality
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Level I of moral thought, stage 1 based on whether behavior is rewarded or punished; stage 2 based on whether consequences result in benefit for self or loved ones.
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preconventional morality
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Level II of moral thought; stage 3 based on whether authorities approve or disapprove; stage 4 based on whether behavior upholds values or laws of society.
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conventional morality
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Level III morality; stage 5 based on preserving social contacts based on cooperative collaboration (democratically -derived);stage 6 universal ethical principles
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postconventional morality
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In contrast to Freud's views on formation of conscience, _______ theory views infancy as the critical time for moral development rather than the early-age school years.
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object relations theory
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theory in which infant develop an awareness of 3 domains: body, existence of others, and relations between self and others
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object relations theory
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primitive, immediate, almost automatic system that evaluates experiences as positive or negative w/out searching for more info or weighing evidence
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moral intuition
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sharing the perceived emotion of another
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empathy
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concern for another person that may motivate child to alleviate distress of other
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sympathy
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sense of duty or obligation to help someone in need
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principle of care
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cognitive capacity to consider a situation from point of view of another person. Requires a recognition that someone else's point of view may differ from ones's own.
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perspective taking
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theory that links child's understanding of nature of world & self & links the two; functions to make transactions b/w self & world turn out as beneficially as possible.
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self theory
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focuses on natural way kids understand their own minds & those of others.
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theory of mind
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evaluation of worthiness for every component of self; based on messages of love, support, approval; specific attributes & competencies; the way child regards those attributes & competencies in relation to others and self.
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self esteem
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games that combine fantasy w/ emphasis on peer cooperation
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group games
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choosing members of own sex (for companions)
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sex segregation
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emotion that one is responsible for an unacceptable thought, fantasy or action
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guilt
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formation of an ideal self-image
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ego ideal
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central process in resolution of conflict b/w initiative & guilt
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indentification
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thought or behavior w/direction, and therefore meaning. (cognitively more complex extension of will acquired in early childhood; combines sense of agency w/a plan.)
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purpose
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concept that gender is permanent and constant; does not change simply b/c subject is dressed to look like another gender.
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genital basis of gender
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gender does not change
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gender permamnence
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gender is unchanged by clothing, hairstyle, etc.
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gender constancy
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2 -person
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dyadic
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can refer to a wide variety of functional challenges ( 2 most common are speech and language delays).
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disability
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feeling the anxiety associated w/a past discipline & reducing that anxiety by exercising restraint (when thinking about a wrong/naughty action.)
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tension reduction
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Acc. to psychoanalytic theory, child's conscience or ____ is viewed as internalization of parents' value & moral standards.
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superego
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4 levels of empathy
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global, egocentric, for another's feelings, for another's life conditions
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