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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
The dependent variable is the one the investigator expects to
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be influenced by the independent variable.
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According to __________ children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations
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the psychoanalytic perspective
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Both __________ and __________ protect immigrant youths from delinquency early pregnancy drug use and other risky behaviors
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family relationships school achievement
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British philosopher John Locke viewed the child as
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a tabula rasa.
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__________ is generally regarded as the founder of the child-study movement
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G. Stanley Hall
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Which of the following statements is true about collectivist societies
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Collectivist societies value the interdependent self.
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Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on
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how the values beliefs customs and skills of a social group are transmitted to the next generation.
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Which of the following is a major limitation of neurobiological methods
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Many factors besides those of interest to the researcher can influence a physiological response
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Which of the following statements is true about the cross-sectional design
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Researchers are not concerned with selective attrition.
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Binet defined intelligence as
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good judgment planning and critical reflection.
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Locke regarded development as __________ and largely influenced by __________
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continuous; nurture
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The two most frequently used measures of brain functioning __________ and __________ detect electric activity in the cerebral cortex
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EEG;ERPs
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One major limitation of the ethnographic method is
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findings cannot be applied to individuals and settings other than the ones studied.
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__________ studies differ from correlational research only in that groups of participants are carefully chosen to ensure that their characteristics are as much alike as possible
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Natural or quasi- experiment
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According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's view the child is
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a noble savage.
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An investigator is interested in capturing a culture's unique values and social processes. __________ is best-suited for this type of study
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Ethnography
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One major limitation of the ethnographic method is
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findings cannot be applied to individuals and settings other than the ones studied.
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The field of child development now recognizes that __________ is among the most powerful tools for preventing developmental problems and enhancing children's quality of life
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sound public policy
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According to Freud the superego strengthens during the __________ stage
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latency
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G. Stanley Hall and his student Arnold Gesell regarded child development as a
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maturational process
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The rooting reflex disappears around
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3 weeks.
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Baby Samantha adjusts her arm and hand movements to match the distance of objects from her eyes. Samantha is demonstrating
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binocular depth perception.
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Of all motor skills __________ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development
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reaching
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Which of the following statements is true about intermodal perception
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Intermodal sensitivity is crucial for perceptual development.
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To find out how infants acquire motor capacities researchers conduct
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microgenetic studies
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Baby Grace sees and hears a bouncing ball. When she hears the sound later without seeing the ball she is nonetheless able to recognize a picture of a ball. Grace is demonstrating
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intermodal perception.
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Infants with severe visual impairments are not motivated to move independently until
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"reaching on sound" is achieved.
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__________ and __________ are evident in the first week of life long before babies can actively rotate objects and view them from different angles
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Size constancy; shape constanc
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According to Eleanor and James Gibson's __________ theory infants actively search for invariant features of the environment
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differentiation
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__________ is the first depth cue to which infants are sensitive
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motion
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Children use current schemes to interpret their world in the process of __________ whereas __________ allows them to create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current way of thinking does not capture the environment completely
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assimilation; accommodation
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Ten-year-old Delaney is helping her dad put new shingles on her playhouse in the backyard. Her dad asks her to put the shingles in order from longest to shortest so that he can vary the start of each row. She is able to do this because she
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can perform seriation tasks.
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In Piaget's theory when children are in a state of disequilibrium
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they realize that new information does not match their current schemes.
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According to theory theory
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Children draw on innate concepts to form explanations of everyday events.
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A criticism of both the core knowledge perspective and Piaget's theory focuses on
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their inability to explain how heredity and environment jointly produce cognitive change.
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Once young people enter the formal operational stage they are able to systematically isolate and combine variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real world through
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hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
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According to Piaget's theory during periods of rapid cognitive change children
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shift from assimilation to accommodation
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In Piaget's theory infants are unable to mentally represent experience until about _____ months of age
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18
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In Vygotsky's theory
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when two participants to a task each adjust to the perspective of the other in order to create common ground for communication they are
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contributing to cognitive development through intersubjectivity.
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Two-year-old Maya is building a block tower. Her father begins by pointing to where each block needs to go as Maya piles them up. As Maya's competence with the task increases
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her father gradually withdraws support. This is an example of
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scoffting
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Baillargeon's violation-of-expectation studies provided evidence that infants have some knowledge of object permanence
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between 2½ and 3½ months.
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The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is
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irreversibility
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In Piaget's theory children move through four stages
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during which their exploratory behaviors transform into logical and abstract intelligence.
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Autobiographical memory emerges episodic memory becomes more elaborate and familiar events are remembered in scripts at __________ years
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2 to 5
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Findings show that selective attention improves sharply between ages __________ with gains continuing into adulthood
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6 and 10
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Ms. Varria holds up a particularly curly French fry and says "Wow! This is a corkscrew fry!" Four-year-old Danita points to a little girl with curly hair and says "Corkscrew hair!" Danita is using __________ to decipher the meaning of corkscrew
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syntactic bootstrapping
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According to the principle of mutual exclusivity bias children
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assume that words refer to nonoverlapping categories
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ERP and fMRI measures of brain activity indicate that second-language processing is
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less lateralized and also overlaps less with brain areas devoted to first-language processing in older than in younger learners.
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The sequence of acquiring grammatical morphemes depends on __________ and __________
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structural complexity; semantic complexity
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Research on styles of early language learning suggests that referential-style children often
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have an especially active interest in exploring objects
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Baby Juan holds up his stuffed panda and points to it making sure his father notices it. Juan is engaging in a __________ gesture
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protodeclarative
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__________ exposes children to great breadth of language knowledge and is especially helpful in modeling how to communicate in a clear coherent narrative style
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Dialogue with caregivers about storybooks
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Which of the following statements is a limitation of Chomsky's nativist perspective
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Chomsky's theory cannot explain how children weave statements together into connected discourse and sustain meaningful conversations.
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What is the typical developmental pattern of young children's narratives
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leapfrog chronological classic
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Syntactic bootstrapping
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is a theory that proposes that verbs presented in their syntactic frames provide a source of information about their meaning
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Today more than _____ percent of U.S. mothers with a child under age 2 are employed
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60
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The __________ emphasizes that the broad function of __________ is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals
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functionalist approach; emotions
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In adopted children with longer institutional stays the volume of the __________ is atypically __________
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amygdala; large
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Compared with infants who display __________ attachment __________ babies tend to receive overstimulating care
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secure; avoidant
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According to Mary Rothbart's model of temperament which dimension measures an individual's distress level when desires are frustrated
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irritable distress
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One criticism of home research observations of temperament is that
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observers find it hard to capture all relevant information.
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When emotional self-regulation has developed well young people acquire a sense of
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emotional self-efficacy.
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fMRI studies on the brains of children with autism show
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reduced activity in areas of the cerebral cortex involved in processing emotional and social information
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Mastery of false belief signals a change in representation—the ability to view beliefs as
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interpretations not just reflections of reality.
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Because her mother and grandmother were teachers Melissa has decided to become a teacher. Melissa is demonstrating identity
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foreclosure
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Children who possess an incremental view of ability
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believe that ability can be increased through effort.
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Attributional retraining is most effective when
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begun early before children's views of themselves become hard to change.
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Appreciation of __________ enables children to pinpoint the reasons that another person arrived at a certain belief
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second-order false belief
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Four-year-old Alicia gives up easily when faced with challenging tasks. Research shows which of the following factors most likely applies to Alicia
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She has parents who are highly critical of her worth and performance
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Fourteen-year-old Farica volunteers at a local animal shelter to help her decide whether to become a veterinarian. Farica is demonstrating identity
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moratorium
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Beginning in __________ self-descriptions emphasize positive and negative traits
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middle childhood
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Five-year-old Jamari observes his friend Liam fall while ice skating. Instead of crying Liam starts to laugh and Jamari imagines what Liam's thoughts and feelings might be. Jamari is using __________ to understand Liam's actions
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perspective taking
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Moral maturity is positively correlated with
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IQ
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At Kohlberg's conventional level moral understanding is based on
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actively maintaining the current social system to ensure positive human relationships and societal order.
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Viewing the child as a thinking moral being who wonders about right and wrong and searches for moral truth is the approach endorsed by
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cognitive-developmental theorists.
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In the past decade wars have left _____ million children physically disabled and _____ million homeless
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6; 20
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The existence of postconventional morality is a matter of speculation because
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it is so rare that no clear evidence exists that Stage 6 actually follows Stage 5.
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Both Piaget and Kohlberg used a(n) __________ procedure to study moral development
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clinical intervening
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Satish is a young child whose moral understanding is characterized by the belief that rules are fixed external features of reality. Satish's moral understanding reflects
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realism.
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A key controversy about Kohlberg's theory is
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that his stages focus solely on moral reasoning during early and middle childhood.
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At age 3 Heike shows great concern when her mother injures her finger while gardening. Given her empathy in this situation which of the following will be true of Heike at age 5
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She will show strong moral self-perceptions
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Induction points out the effects of
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the child's misbehavior on others and makes it clear that the child caused it.
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According to Freud moral development is largely complete by age
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5 to 6.
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According to Piaget older children in the morality of cooperation stage understand __________ which helps them realize that rules can be reinterpreted and revised
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ideal reciprocity
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__________ declines as preschoolers' improved capacity to delay gratification enables them to resist grabbing others' possessions
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Proactive aggression
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With age the emotional reactive hot system is increasingly subordinated to the cognitive reflective cool system as a result of
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improved functioning of the prefrontal cortex
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After seeing two little boys taunt another child on the playground Najai tells the teacher that they should make playground rules that protect other people's rights and welfare. Najai is requesting a common set of
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moral imperatives.
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When mothers label gender either with nouns or with pronouns these statements
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encourage toddlers to sort their social world into gender categories.
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Haruko scores high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Haruko is displaying
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androgyny.
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__________ percent of North American and European children grow up with at least one sibling
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80
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Veda is an out-of-work parent whose child-care needs must be addressed before she can job hunt. She is in need of
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parental access to valuable information and services.
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Parents start to socialize their children in earnest during
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the second year when toddlers are first able to comply with their directives.
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Children of divorce spend an average of _____ years in a single-parent home
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5
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Which of the following personal qualities do higher-SES parents tend to emphasize they desire for their children
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obedience politeness neatness and cleanliness
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Over time the relationship between parenting and children's attributes becomes increasingly
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bidirectional as each participant modifies the actions of the other.
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Sibling rivalry tends to
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increase in middle childhood.
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In the Vygotsky-based innovation __________ teachers guide the overall process of learning but no other distinction is made between adult and child contributors
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communities of learners
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When asked about the meaning of friendship teenagers stress which of the following three characteristics
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intimacy mutual understanding and loyalty
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Which of the following interventions is most effective for changing the behavior of victimized children
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Change victims' negative opinions of themselves
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Among __________ without same-sex friends having an other-sex friend is associated with __________
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boys; feelings of competence
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To assess peer acceptance researchers usually use self-reports that measure __________ and __________
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social preferences; social prominence
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Magnet schools offer
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the usual curriculum plus an emphasis on a specific area of interest.
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In the Vygotsky-based innovation __________ teachers guide the overall process of learning but no other distinction is made between adult and child contributors
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communities of learners
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Not until age __________ do children acquire an adult-level understanding of the technical complexity of the Internet as a networklike system linking a computing center with many computers
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10 OR 11
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If Lydia goes to a constructivist classroom which of the following outcomes will most likely occur
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She will show gains in critical thinking and moral maturity.
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In Mr. Yi's classroom students participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers with whom they jointly construct understandings. Mr. Yi most likely teaches in a __________ classroom
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social-constructivist
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