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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span
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Development
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What are six words to describe what development is when viewed from the life-span perspective?
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Lifelong
Multidimensional (biological, cognitive, social) Multidirectional (ups and downs, gains and losses) Plastic (capacity for change) Multidisciplinary Contextual |
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Examples of normative history-graded influences
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Common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances
9/11, the Great Depression |
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Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life
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Nonnormative life events
Death of parents Being in a reality show |
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Examples of normative age-graded events
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Puberty
Menopause Getting your liscence |
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Group of people formed at the same time and place
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Cohort
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Encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation
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Culture
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Refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational and economic characteristics
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Socioeconomic status
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Involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
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Stability-change issue
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What are the 3 main issues developmental psychologists take into account?
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Nature v. Nurture
Stability-change continuity-discontinuity |
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An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions
Can support or disprove by testable evidence |
Theory
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Who are the two psychoanalytic theorists?
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Freud
Erikson |
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These describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion
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Psychoanalytic theories
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What are the 5 Freudian stages?
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Oral
Anal Phallic Latency Genital |
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What are the first 4 stages of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory? (from infancy to late childhood)
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Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs inferiority |
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At each stage a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved
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Erikson's Psychosocial theory
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What are the last 4 stages of Erikson's Psychosocial theory?
(from adolescence to late adulthood) |
Identity vs identity confusion
Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair |
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Who are the cognitive theorists?
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Piaget
Vgotsky |
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This theory states that children go through 4 stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world
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Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
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What are the 4 stages of Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory and the ages?
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Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
Preoperational (2-7) Concrete Operational (7-12) Formal Operational (12+) |
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In this Piagetan stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions
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Sensorimotor
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In this Piagetan stage, the child begins to represent the world with words and images which reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory info and physical action
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Preoperational
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In this Piagetan stage, the child can reason logically about events and classify objects into different sets
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Concrete operational
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In this Piagetan stage, reasoning is done in a more abstract, idealistic, and logical way
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Formal operational
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This theory emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
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Vgotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
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This theory of development emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it
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Information-processing theory
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This theorist stated learning happens through the observations of others
Engage in behavior based on interaction with environment and the consequences it produces |
Bandura Social Cognitive Theory
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This developmental theory stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods
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Ethology
Lorenz and the geese |
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This developmental theory holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems
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Bronfenbrenner's ecological thoery
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What are the five systems key to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?
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Microsystem
Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystems |
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Setting in which the individual lives
Direct influences - family, peers, school |
Microsystem
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Interactions of microsystems or connections between contexts
Family and peers relationship |
Mesosystem
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Consists of links between the individual's immediate context and a social setting in which the individual does not play an active role
One step removed Parent's work, roommate's friends |
Exosystem
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Involves the culture in which individuals live
Overarching influences Religion, honor codes |
Macrosystem
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Patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course
9/11 |
Chronosystem
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This developmental theory claims that not any one model can account for development across the lifespan
selects the best features |
Eclectic theory
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A controlled setting where many of the complex factors of the real world are absent
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Laboratory
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Observing behavior in real world settings making no effort to manipulate or control the situation
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Naturalistic observation
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An in-depth look at a single individual
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case study
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Age comparisons
Pros - one time, no drop outs Cons - need a certain number, expensive |
Cross-sectional
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Age progression
Pros - see changes over time Cons - Drop outs, expensive |
Longitudinal studies
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This design involves comparisons and change
Follows the same people over time but new cohorts are added as time goes on |
Cohort-sequential design
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These are due to a person's time of birth, era, or generation, but not to actual age
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Cohort effects
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What does APGAR stand for?
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Activity
Pulse Grimace Appearance Respiration |
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This subfield emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
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Evolutionary Psychology
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What are the reflexes of newborns?
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Eye-blink
Rooting Sucking Swallowing Stepping Babinski Grasping Startle Moro |
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Breast-fed vs bottle fed babies on self regulation tendencies
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Breast-fed learn to self-regulate rather than just finish the plate
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A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome
Undeveloped testes, enlarged breasts |
Klinefelter syndrome
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A chromosomal disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome
Mental retardation, a learning disability or short attention span More common in boys |
Fragile X
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A chromosomal disorder in females in which the X is missing
Short in stature and have a webbed neck, infertile |
Turner syndrome
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A chromosomal disorder in which the male has an extra Y
No extra aggression |
XYY syndrome
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Genetic material vs. observable characteristics
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Genotype vs. Phenotype
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An incomplete development of the spinal cord, results in varying degrees of paralysis of the lower limbs
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Spina bifida
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Generation of new neurons
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Neurogenesis
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The head of the neural tube fails to close resulting in the highest regions of the brain failing to develop and death
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Anencephaly
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Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes
Includes drugs, incompatible blood types, environmental pollutants, maternal stress |
Teratogens
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What factors affect the severity of damage done to a fetus by a teratogen?
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Dose
Genetic susceptibility Time of exposure |
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What does caffeine potentially do to a fetus?
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LBW
decreased muscle tone |
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What does alcohol do to a fetus?
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Facial deformities
defective limbs, face and heart |
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What does nicotine do to a growing fetus?
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LBW
SIDS Respiratory problems |
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Widely used to assess the health of newborns at one to 5 minutes after birth
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Apgar scale
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Looks at the visual and auditory orientation in a newborn
Pull to sit Cuddliness Defensive movements Self-quieting activity |
Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale
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Low Birth Weight infants weight less than ____ pounds
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5 1/2
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Preterm infants are born ___ weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term
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3
35 or less weeks after conception |
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This intervention for LBW and preterm infants involves skin to skin contact in which the baby is held to the mother's chest
It increases weight gain and helps the mother with postpartum depression |
Kangaroo care
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A girl's first menstruation
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Menarche
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Unseen changes in adrenal glands earlier than we realize
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Andrenarche
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Testes in males and ovaries in females
Give rise to pubertal change in the body - 8-10 in girls 10-11 in boys |
Gonads
Gonandarche |
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A hormone associated in boys with the development of genitals, increased height, and deepening of the voice
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Testosterone
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A type of estrogen associated in girls with breast, uterine, and skeletal development
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Estradiol
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Cessation of menstruation
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Menopause
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What happens to brain in late adulthood?
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Loss of brain weight
lose 5-10% from age 20 onward |
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What makes adolescents angsty?
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Their amygdala grows faster than the other systems designed to control it like the prefrontal cortex that provides judgment and reins in strong emotions
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Involves large muscle activities such as moving one's arms and walking, posture
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Gross motor skills
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These involve finely tuned movements that usually demonstrate finger dexterity
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Fine motor skills
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Which type of motor skills emerge from reflexes?
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Gross motor skills
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How might we discuss maintaining motor skills in later life?
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Go on walks, enroll in exercise classes/aerobics in water, give canes, stay in work longer
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The recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object
3 mths |
Size constancy
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the recognition that an object remains the same shape even its orientation to us changes
3 mths |
Shape constancy
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This is used to strengthen neck and back muscles for newborns
Put the infant on stomach for increasing amounts of time 0-2 months then 2-5 months |
Tummy time
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Grasping with the whole hand vs. using only thumb and forefinger
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Palmer grasp
Pincer grip |
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What were the results of the Mitten study (Needham, Barret, and Peterman 2002)?
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Placing sticky mittens on infants hands enabled faster and earlier exposure to small objects and development of fine motor skills
Interact with environment in a new way |
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When do we start to see hand preferences in babies?
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8 months
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Interaction between sensory receptors and information from the world
Smells hitting nose, light hitting eyes |
Sensation
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Interpretation of events
Identifying or doing something with the sensation |
Perception
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Why is information we perceive sometimes misidentified?
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We have schemas, our ways of knowing the world, gotten through experience. First see what is expected, but more information may lead to a different thing entirely
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What is the first sense we utilize and when?
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Smell in amniotic fluid
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Which sense helps most regulate distress?
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Touch
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When do we see a coordination of senses start to emerge?
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6 months
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What kind of taste is an early preference shown for?
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Sweet
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What sense is negligible in prenatal development?
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Sight
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What did the DeCasper et al study conclude? (Cat in the Hat)
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Infants whose mothers read Cat in the Hat preferred this to a new story as indicated by their sucking patterns.
Implies hearing during prenatal development and they prefer expected rhythms |
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Presbyopia
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farsightedness
problems adapting to the dark increased sensitivity to glare |
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The optic nerve is damaged because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
Can destroy vision |
Glaucoma
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Thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque and distorted
Surgery can fix it |
Cataracts
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A disease that causes deterioration of the retina, corresponding to the focal center of the visual field
Peripheral vision is fine Leading cause of blindness in older adults |
Macular degeneration
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Involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities
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Intermodal perception
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Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
The developing brain creates these as the infant or child seeks to understand the world |
Schemes
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This occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences
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Assimilation
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This occurs when children adjust their schemes to take account of new information and experiences
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Accomodation
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Grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system
Categories become refined over time |
Organization
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Coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors
Birth to 1 month |
Simple reflexes
Sensorimotor substage 1 |
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Coordination of sensation and 2 types of schemes: reflexes and reproducing events that had initially occurred by chance
Main focus is still on infant's body 1-4 months |
First habits and primary circular reactions
Sensorimotor substage 2 |
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Infants become more object-oriented, moving beyond self-preoccupation
Repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results 4 - 8 months |
Secondary circular reactions
Sensorimotor substage 3 |
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Coordination of vision and touch - hand-eye
Coordination of schemes and intentionality 8-12 months |
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
substage 4 |
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Infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things they can make happen to objects
Experiment 12-18 months |
Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
substage 5 |
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Infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols and form enduring mental representations
18-24 months |
Internalization of schemes
substage 6 |
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The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched
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Object permanence
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When do infants develop a sense of object permanence?
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4-8 months during substage 3 - Secondary circular reactions
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This occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place (where it was last hidden) rather than the new hiding place
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A not B error
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The A not B error is a main problem in which substage of development?
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4 when they are 8-12 months
Coordination of secondary circular reactions |
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Reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could only do physically
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Operations
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The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective
This occurs in what Piagetan stage? |
Egocentrism
Preoperational |
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The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
This occurs in what Piagetan stage? |
Animism
Preoperational |
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The awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties
Children solve this problem by the end of what Piagetan stage? |
Conservation
Preoperational - They are usually now in Concrete operational if they mastered this |
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The ability to order stimuli along a qualitative dimension
This occurs during what Piagetan stage? |
Seriation
Concrete operational |
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The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions
This occurs in what Piagetan stage? |
Transitivity
Concrete operational |
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Criticisms of Piaget's Theory
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His theory understates the contribution of the social world to cognitive development
Infants and young children are more cognitively competent than Piaget recognized |
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Tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with guidance and assistance from adults or skilled peers
Whose term was this? |
Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky |
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In cognitive development, used to describe the changing level of support over the course of a teaching session
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Scaffolding
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Knowledge of own memory
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Metamemory
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What are the main differences between Piaget and Vygotsky's theories?
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Vygotsky placed a stronger emphasis on social contexts, had no general stages, and claimed language has a powerful role in shaping thought
Piaget did not take into account social settings, placed emphasis on stages, and claimed cognition directs language primarily |
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Thinking that is reflective, relativistic, and contextual; influenced by emotions
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Postformal thought
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Process by which information gets into memory
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Encoding
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The ability to process information with little or no effort
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Automaticity
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Creation of new procedures for processing information
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Strategy construction
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knowing about knowing
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Metacognition
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The ability to attribute mental states to others
Complex emotions |
Theory of Mind
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the use of mental capabilities to focus on various stimuli
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Attention
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Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
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Selective Attention
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Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
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Divided attention
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The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
Influences memory |
Sustained attention
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Involves action planning, having goals, error detection, monitoring process and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances
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Executive attention
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What reduces efficiency on tasks?
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Multitasking
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Retention of information over time
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Memory
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Theory stating that people mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds
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Schema theory
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Memory without conscious recollection - skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically
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Implicit memory
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Conscious memory of facts and experiences
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Explicit memory
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Relatively permanent and unlimited type of memory
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Long-term memory
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Retention of information for up to 30 seconds, without rehearsal of the info. Using rehearsal individuals can keep info longer
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Short term memory
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Where are adults less efficient in memory?
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Encoding
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Older adults have more trouble ______ info than _____ it
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recalling
recognizing |
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Engaging in more extensive processing of information
Strategy to benefit memory |
Elaboration
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Retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings
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Episodic memory
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Ability to remember where something was learned
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Source memory
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Remembering to do something in the future
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Prospective memory
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A person's knowledge about the world, including fields of expertise, academic knowledge, and everyday facts
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Semantic memory
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