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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
*CHOLECYSTOCHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS
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Gallstones in the gallbladder and the common bile duct
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*CHOLELITHIASIS
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Abnormal presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
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*GASTRODUODENOSTOMY
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A new permanent opening between the stomach and the duodenum; an anastomosis
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*HEMATOCHEZIA
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Bright, red color in the stool which means that the bleeding is much lower
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*MELENA
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Black, tarry stool signifying blood in the stool
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ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND
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The use of very high frequency sound waves to provide visualization of the internal organs of the abdomen (liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, bladder and ureters).
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ABDOMINOCENTESIS (PARACENTESIS)
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The insertion of a needle or trochar into the abdominal cavity to remove excess fluid, with the person in a sitting position.
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ABSORPTION
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The passage of substances across and into tissues, such as the passage of digested food molecules into intestinal cells or the passage of liquids into kidney tubules
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-ACE
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Enzyme
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ACHALASIA
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Decreased mobility of the lower two-thirds of the esophagus along with constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter
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ACHLORHYDIA
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An abnormal condition characterized by the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice
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ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT)
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A hepatocellular enzyme released in elevated amounts due to liver dysfuction; also known as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
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ALIMENTARY CANAL
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A musculomembranous tube, about 30 ft. long, extending from the mouth to the anus and lined with mucous membrane. Also called the digestive tract or the gastrointestinal tract
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ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP)
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Enzyme is found in the highest concentrations in the liver, biliary tract, and bone
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AMINO ACIDS
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An organic chemical compound composed of one or more basic amino groups and one or more acidic carboxyl groups
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AMYL/O
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Starch
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AMYLASE
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An enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules
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ANAL FISTULA
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An abnormal passageway in the skin surface near the anus usually connecting with the rectum
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ANOREXIA
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Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
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ANUS
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The opening through which the solid wastes (feces) are eliminated from the body
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APHAGIA
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A condition characterized by the loss of the ability to swallow as a result of organic or psychologic causes
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APHTHOUS STOMATITIS
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Small inflammatory noninfectious ulcerated lesions occurring on the lips, tongue, and inside the cheeks of the mouth; also called canker sores
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APPEND/O
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Appendix
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APPENDECTOMY
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Surgical removal of an inflammed appendix
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APPENDIC/O
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Appendix
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APPENDICITIS
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Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
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ASCITES
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An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. The fluid contains large amounds of protein and electrolytes.
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ASCITIC FLUID
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A watery fluid containing albumin, glucose, and electrolytes that accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in association with certain disease conditions (such as liver disease)
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BARIUM ENEMA (BE) (LOWER GI SERIES)
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Infusion of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, into the rectum and held in the lower intestinal tract while X-ray films are obtained of the lower GI tract.
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BICUSPID TOOTH
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One of the two teeth between the molars and canines of the upper and lower jaw, they have a flat surface with multiple projections (cusps) for crushing and grinding food; also known as premolar tooth
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BIL/I
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Bile
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BILE
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A bitter, yellow-green secretion of the liver
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BILIRUBIN
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The orange-yellow pigment of bile, formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termination of their normal life span
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*BORBORYGMUS
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An audible abdominal sound produced by hyperactive intestinal peristalsis. Borborygmi are rumbling, gurgling, and tinkling noises heard when listening with a stethoscope.
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BOWEL
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The portion of the alimentary canal extending from the pyloric opening of the stomach to the anus
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BUCC/O
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Cheek
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CANINE TOOTH
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Any one of the four teeth, two in each jaw, situated immediately lateral to the incisor teeth in the human dental arches; also known as the lower esophageal sphincter
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CARDIAC SPHINCTER
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The muscular ring in the stomach that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach; also known as the lower esophageal sphincter
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CEC/O
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Cecum
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CECUM
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A cul-de-sac containing the first part of the large intestine. It joins the ileum, the last segment of the small intestine
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CELI/O
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Pertaining to the abdomen
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CELIAC DISEASE
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Nutrient malabsorption due to damaged small bowel mucosa
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CENTESIS
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Surgical Puncture
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CHEIL/O
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Lips
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CHEILOPLASTY
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Surgically correcting a defect of the lip
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CHOL/E
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Bile
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CHOLECYST/O
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Gallbladder
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CHOLECYSTECTOMY
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Surgical removal of the gallbladder
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CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY (ORAL)
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Visualization of the gallbladder through X-ray following the oral ingestion of pills containing a radiopaque iodinated dye.
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CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS
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Gallstones in the gallbladder
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CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS
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Gallstones that have formed in the common bile duct
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CHYME
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The liquidlike material of partially digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach just before it is released into the duodenum
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CIRRH/O
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Yellow, tawny
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CIRRHOSIS
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A disease of the liver that is chronic and degenerative, causing injury to the hepatocytes (functional cells of the liver)
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COL/O
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Colon
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COLON
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The portion of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum
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COLON/O
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Colon
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COLONOSCOPY
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The direct visualization of the lining of the large intestine using a fiberoptic colonoscope
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COLORECTAL CANCER
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The presence of a malignant neoplasm in the large intestine
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COLOSTOMY
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The surgical creation of a new opening on the abdominal wall through which the feces will be expelled (an abdominal-wall anus) by bringing the incised colon out to the abdominal surface
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COMMON BILE DUCT
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The duct formed by the joining of the cystic duct and hepatic duct
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CONSTIPATION
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A state in which the individual's pattern of bowel elimination is characterized by a decrease in the frequency of bowel movements and the passage of hard, dry stools. The individual experiences difficult defecation.
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CROHN'S DISEASE
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Digestive tract inflammation of a chronic nature causing fever, cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia
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CROWN
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The part of the tooth that is visible about the gum line
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CT OF THE ABDOMEN
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A painless, noninvasive X-ray procedure that produces an image created by the computer representing a detailed cross section of the tissue structure within the abdomen
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CUSPID TOOTH
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AKA canine tooth; Any one of the four teeth, two in each jaw, situated immediately lateral to the incisor teeth in the human dental arches; also known as the lower esophageal sphincter
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DECIDUOUS TEETH
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The 1st set or primary teeth; baby teeth
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DEFECATION
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The act of expelling feces from the rectum through the anus
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DEGLUTITION
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Swallowing
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DENT/O
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Tooth
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DENTAL CARIES
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Tooth decay caused by acid-forming microorganisms
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DENTIN
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The chief material of teeth surrounding the pulp and situated inside of the enamel and cementum
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DIARRHEA
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The frequent passage of loose, watery stools
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DIETITIAN
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An allied health professional trained to plan nutrition programs for sick as well as healthy people. This may involve planning meals for a hospital or large organization or individualized diet counseling with patients
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DIGESTION
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The process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be used by the body cells. This occurs in the digestive tract
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DIGESTIVE TRACT
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AKA alimentary canal; A musculomembranous tube, about 30 ft. long, extending from the mouth to the anus and lined with mucous membrane. Also called the digestive tract or the gastrointestinal tract
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DIVERTICULAR DISEASE
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An expression used to characterize both diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Diverticulosis describes the noninflamed outpouchings or herniations of the muscular layer of the intestine, typically the sigmoid colon. Inflammation of these outpouchings (called diverticula) is referred to as diverticulitis.
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DUODEN/O
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Duodenum (first part of the small intestine)
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DUODENUM
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The 1st portion of the small intestine. The duodenum is the shortest, widest, and most fixed portion of the small intestine--taking an almost circular course from the pyloric valve of the stomach so that its termination is close to its starting point
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DYSENTERY
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A term used to describe painful intestinal inflammation typically caused by ingesting water or food containing bacteria, protozoa, parasites, or chemical irritants
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DYSPEPSIA
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A vague feeling of epigastric discomfort after eating. Involves an uncomfortable feeling of fullness, heartburn, bloating, and nausea.
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DYSPHAGIA
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Difficulty in swallowing, commonly associated with obstructive or motor disorders of the esophagus
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ECSTACIA
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Stretching or dialation
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ECTOMY
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Surgical Removal
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EMACIATION
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Excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition
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EMESIS
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To vomit
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EMULSIFY
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To disperse a liquid into another liquid, making a colloidal suspension
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ENAMEL
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A hard, white substance that covers the dentin of the crown of a tooth. Enamel is the hardest substance in the body.
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ENDOCRINE GLAND
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A gland that secretes its enzymes directly into the blood capillaries instead of being transported by way of ducts
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ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY (ERCP)
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A procedure that examines the size of and the filling of the pancreatic and biliary ducts through direct radiographic visualization with a fiberoptic endoscope
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ENTER/O
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Intestine
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ENZYME
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A protein produced by living cells that catalyzes chemical reactions in organic matter
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ERUCTATION
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The act of bringing up air from the stomach with a characteristic sound through the mouth; belching
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ESOPHAG/O
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Esophagus
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ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
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Swollen, twisted (tortuous) veins located in the distal end of the esophagus
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ESOPHAGOGASTRODUODENOSCOPY (EGD)
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Process of direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using a lighted fiberoptic endoscope; also known as upper endoscopy
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ESOPHAGUS
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A muscular canal, about 24 cm long, extending from the pharynx to the stomach
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EXOCRINE GLAND
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A gland that secretes its enzymes into a network of tiny ducts that transport it to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
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EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY (ESWL)
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An alternative treatment for gallstones by using ultrasound to align the computerized lithotripter and source of shock waves with the stones, to crush the gallstones and thus enable the contraction of the gallbladder to remove stone fragments
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FATTY ACIDS
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Any of several organic acids produced by the hydrolysis of neutral fats
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FECES
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Waste or excrement from the digestive tract that is formed in the intestine and expelled through the rectum
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FLATUS; FLATULENCE
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Air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum
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FLUOROSCOPY
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Radiological technique used to examine the function of an organ or a body part using a fluoroscope
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GALLBLADDER
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A pear-shaped excretory sac lodged in a fossa on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver
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GALLSTONES (CHOLELITHIASIS)
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Pigmented or hardened cholesterol stones formed as a result of bile crystallization
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GASTR/O
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Stomach
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GASTRIC ANALYSIS
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Study of the stomach content to determine the acid content and to detect the presence of blood, bacteria, bile, and abnormal cells
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GASTRIC LAVAGE
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The irrigation, or washing out, of the stomach with sterile water or a saline solution
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GASTROENTEROLOGIST
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A medical doctor who specializes in the study of the diseases and disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract (including the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and bile duct)
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GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX
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A backflow of content of the stomach into the esophagus that is often the result of incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter
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GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
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A musculomembranous tube, about 30 ft. long, extending from the mouth to the anus and lined with mucous membrane. Also called the digestive tract or the gastrointestinal tract
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GAVAGE
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A procedure in which liquid or semiliquid food is introduced into the stomach through a tube
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GINGIV/O
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Gums
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GINGIVAE
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Gum tissue (singular: gingiva; plural: gingivae)
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GLOSS/O
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Tongue
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GLUC/O
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Sugar, sweet
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GLUCAGON
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A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose when the blood sugar level is dangerously low
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GLUCOSE
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A simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits, and major source of energy occurring in human and animal body fluids
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GLYC/O
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Sugar, sweet
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GLYCOGEN
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A complex sugar (starch) that is the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells. It is formed from glucose and stored chiefly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in muscle cells.
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GLYCOGENESIS
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The conversion of simple sugars (glucose) into a complex form of sugar (starch) for storage in the liver
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GLYCOGENOLYSIS
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The breakdown of glycogen into glucose by the liver, releasing it back into the circulating blood in response to a very low blood sugar level.
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HEMORRHOIDS
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An unnaturally distended or swollen vein (called a varicosity) in the distal rectum or anus
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HEPAT/O
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Liver
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HEPATITIS
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Acute or chronic inflammation of the liver due to a viral or bacterial infection, drugs, alcohol, toxins, or parasites.
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HEPATOCYTE
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Liver cell
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HERNIA
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An irregular protrusion of tissue, organ, or a portion of an organ through an abnormal break in the surrounding cavity's muscular wall.
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HERNIORRHAPHY
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The surgical repair of a hernia by closing the defect using sutures, mesh, or wire.
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HERPETIC STOMATITIS
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Inflammatory infectious lesions in or on the oral cavity occurring as a primary or a secondary viral infection caused by herpes simplex.
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HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE (CONGENITAL MEGACOLON)
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Absence at birth of the autonomic ganglia in a segment of the intestinal smooth muscle wall that normally stimulates peristalsis
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HYDROCHLORIC ACID
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A compound consisting of hydrogen and chlorine
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IASIS
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Presence of an abnormal condition
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ICTERUS
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A yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera of the eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood; also called jaundice
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ILE/O
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Ileum
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ILEUM
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The distal portion of the small intestine extending from the jejunum to the cecum
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ILEUS
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A term used to describe an obstruction of the intestine.
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INCISOR
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One of the 8 front teeth, 4 in each dental arch, the 1st appear as primary teeth during infancy are replaced by permanent incisors during childhood and last until old age
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INSULIN
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A natually occurring hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood
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INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
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Complete or partial alteration in the forward flow of the content in the small or large intestines
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INTUSSUSCEPTION
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Telescoping of a portion of proximal intestine into distal intestine, usually in the ileocecal region (causing an obstruction)
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IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS); SPASTIC COLON
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Increased motility of the small or large intestinal wall, resulting in abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, anorexia, and the trapping of gas throughout the intestines
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JAUNDICE
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A yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera of the eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood; also called icterus
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JEJUN/O
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Jejunum
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JEJUNUM
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The intermediate or middle of the three portions of the small intestine, connecting proximally with the duodenum and distally with the ileum
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LAVAGE
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The process of irrigating (washing out) an organ, usually the bladder, bowel, paranasal sinuses, or stomach for therapeutic purposes
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LEPAR/O
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Abdominal wall
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LINGU/O
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Tongue
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LIP/O
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Fat
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LIPASE
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An enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats
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LITH/O
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Stone; calculus
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LIVER
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The largest gland of the body and one of its most complex organs
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LIVER BIOPSY
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A piece of liver tissue is obtained for examination by inserting a specially designed needle into the liver through the abdominal wall
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LIVER SCAN
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A noninvasive scanning technique, which enables the visualization of the shape, size, and consistency of the liver after the IV injection of a radioactive compound
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LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
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The muscular ring in the stomach that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach
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LOWER GI TRACT
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The lower portion of the gastrointestinal tract consisting of the small and large intestines
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LYSIS
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Destruction or detachment
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MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
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A noninvasive scanning procedure that provides visualization of fluid, soft tissue, and bony structures without the use of radiation
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MANDIBUL/O
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Mandible (lower jaw bone)
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MASTICATION
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Chewing, tearing, or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva
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McBURNEY'S POINT
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A point on the right side of the abdomen, about two-thirds of the distance between the umbilicus and the anterior bony prominence of the hip. When tenderness exists upon this area, a physician might suspect appendicitis
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MOLAR TOOTH
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Any of 12 molar teeth, 6 in each dental arch, located posterior to the premolar teeth. The molar teeth have a flat surface with multiple projections (cusps) for crushing and grinding food.
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NASOGASTRIC INTUBATION
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Involves tube placement through the nose into the stomach for the purpose of relieving gastic distension by removing gastric secretions, gas, or food.
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NAUSEA
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An unpleasant sensation often leading to the urge to vomit
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NUTRITIONIST
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An allied health professional who studies and applies the principles and science of nutrition
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ODONT/O
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Teeth
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OR/O
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Mouth
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ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA
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A precancerous lesion occurring anywhere in the mouth
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OROPHARYNX
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The section of the pharynx leading away from the oral cavity
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PALATE
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A structure that forms the roof of the mouth
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PANCREAS
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An elongated organ approximately 6-9 inches long, located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen that secretes various substances such as digestive enzymes, insulin, and glucagon
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PANCREAT/O
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Pancreas
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PANCREATITIS
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An acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas
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PAPILLAE
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A small, nipple-shaped projection that extend from collagen fibers, the capillary blood vessels, and sometimes the nerves of the dermis
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PAROTID GLAND
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One of the largest pairs of salivary glands that lie at the side of the face just below and in front of external ear
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PEPSIA
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State of digestion
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PEPTIC ULCERS (GASTRIC, DUODENAL, PERFORATED)
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A break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of hyperacidity or the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
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PERCUTANEOUS TRANSHEPATIC CHOLANGIOGRAPHY (PTC)
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An examination of the bile duct structure using a needle to pass directly into a intrahepatic bile duct to inject a contrast medium
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PERIDONTAL DISEASE
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A term used to describe a group of inflammatory gum disorders, which may lead to degeneration of teeth, gums, and sometimes surrounding bones
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PERISTALSIS
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The coordinated, rhythmic, serial contraction of smooth muscle that forces food through the digestive tract, bile through the bile duct, and urine through the ureters.
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PERITONE/O
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Peritoneum
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PERITONEUM
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A specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera
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PERITONITIS
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Inflammation of the peritoneum
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PERMANENT TEETH
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The full set of teeth (32 teeth) that replace the deciduous or temporary teeth
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PHAGIA
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To eat
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PHARYNG/O
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Pharynx
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PHARYNX
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The throat; a tubular structure about 13cm long that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus and is situated just in front of the cervical vertebrae
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PLASTY
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Surgical Repair
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POLYPS, COLORECTAL
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Colorectal polyps are small growths projecting from the mucous membrane of the colon or rectum
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PREMOLAR TOOTH
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AKA bicuspid tooth; One of the two teeth between the molars and canines of the upper and lower jaw, they have a flat surface with multiple projections (cusps) for crushing and grinding food; also known as premolar tooth
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PROCT/O
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Anus or rectum
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PRURITUS ANI
|
A common chronic condition of itching of the skin around the anus
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PULP
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Any soft, spongy tissue--such as that contained within the spleen, the pulp chamber of the tooth, or the distal phalanges of the fingers and the toes
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PYLORIC SPHINCTER
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A thickened muscular ring in the stomach that regulates the passage of food from the pylorus of the stomach into the duodenum
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REBOUND TENDERNESS
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A sensation of severe pain experienced by the patient when the doctor applies deep pressure to the abdomen and release it quickly. When this deep pressure is applied to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen at McBurney's point, and this type of pain is experienced, it is a strong indicator of appendicitis.
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RECT/O
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Rectum
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RECTUM
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The portion of the large intestine, about 12 cm long, continuous with the descending sigmoid colon (just proximal to the anal canal)
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RRHAGIA
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Excessive flow or discharge
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RRHAPHY
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Suturing
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RUGAE
|
A ridge or fold that presents large folds in the mucous membrane of that organ
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SALIVA
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The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary and mucous glands in the mouth
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SALIVARY GLANDS
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One of the 3 pairs of glands secreting into the mouth, thus aiding the digestive process
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SECONDARY TEETH
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The full set of teeth (32 teeth) that replace the deciduous or temporary teeth
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SERUM BILIRUBIN
|
A measurement of the bilirubin level in the serum. The levels are a result of the breakdown of RBCs
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SERUM GLUTAMIC-OXALOACETIC TRANSAMINASE (SGOT)
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An enzyme that has very high concentrations of liver cells; also known as aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
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SIAL/O
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Salivary gland; saliva
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SIGMOID COLON
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The portion of the colon that extends from the end of the descending colon in the pelvis to the juncture of the rectum
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SIGMOID/O
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Sigmoid colon
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SMALL BOWEL FOLLOW-THROUGH
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Oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows through the GI system. X-ray films are obtained at timed intervals to observe the progression of the barium through the small intestine
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SPASM
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Twitching; involuntary contraction
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SPHINCTER
|
A circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening in the body, such as the hepatic sphincter in the muscular coat of the hepatic veins near their union with the superior vena cava (and the external anal sphincter, which closes the anus).
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STEAT/O
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Fat
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STEATORRHEA
|
Greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces, characterized by frothy foul-smelling fecal matter that floats (as in celiac disease), some malabsorption syndromes, and any condition in which fats are poorly absorbed by the small intestine
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STOMACH
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The major organ of digestion located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen and divided into a body and pylorus
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STOMAT/O
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Mouth
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STOOL ANALYSIS FOR OCCULT BLOOD
|
The analysis of a stool sample to determine the presence of blood not visible to the naked eye (i.e. hidden or occult blood).
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STOOL CULTURE
|
Involves collection of a stool specimen placed on one or more culture mediums and allowed to grow colonies of microorganisms to identify specific pathogen(s).
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STOOL GUAIAC
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A test on a stool specimen using guiac as a reagent, which identifies the presence of blood in the stool
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THRUSH
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A fungal infection in the mouth and throat producing sore, creamy white, slightly raised curdlike patches on the tongue and other oral mucosal surfaces. Caused by Candida albicans.
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TRESIA
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Perforation
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TRIGLYCERIDES
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A compound consisting of a fatty acid (oleic, palmitic, or stearic) and glycerol
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TRIPSY
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Intentional crushing
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ULCERATIVE COLITIS
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A chronic inflammatory condition resulting in a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the colon in the form of ulcers. Characterized by large watery diarrheal stools containing mucous, pus, or blood.
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UPPER GI TRACT
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The upper part of the gastrointestinal tract consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esphagus, and stomach.
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URINARY BILIRUBIN
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Tests for conjugated or direct bilirubin in a urine specimen.
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UVULA
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The small, cone-shaped process suspended in the mouth from the middle of the posterior border of the soft palate
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VILLI
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One of the many tiny projections barely visible to the naked eye clustered over the entire mucous surface of the small intestine.
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VOLVULUS
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A rotation of loops of bowel, causing a twisting on itself that results in an intestinal obstruction
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VOMIT
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To expel the content of the stomach through the esophagus and out of the mouth
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VOMITUS
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To vomit; emesis
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