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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Outline the pathway by which the ventricles & their outflow tracts are separated.
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Ventricular chamber lays anteriorly in the S shaped heart tube --> muscular ventricular septum forms which begins to deide the ventricles
Truncoconical swellings (ridges) of the truncus arteriosus meet, fuse & zip (both superiorly & inferiorly) in a 180 degree turn to form the spiral septum (aorticopulmonary septum) Inferior portion of spiral septum meets w/muscular ventricular septum to divide the ventricles & form the aorta & pulmonary arteries |
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Describe how the ventricles are remodeled in order to form the atrioventricular valves
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Myocardium errodes --> ventricles enlarge as a result --> residual mesodermal tissue becomes fibrous & forms chordae tendinae
Formation of papillary muscles & AV valves |
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6 different truncoconical (spiral) septum defects
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1. Finestrae
2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 3. Tetralogy of Fallot 4. Persistent truncus arteriosus 5. Transposition of the great vessels (RV --> aorta, LV --> PA) 6. Dextrocardia |
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Outline the pathway by which the heart tube forms the atria of teh four chambered heart
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Tube grows, elongates & folds into an S shape --> atrial chamber lays posteriorly in S & ventricular chamber lays anteriorly in S --> atrial chamber grows & incorporates SVC & pulmonary vein --> septum primum forms --> septum secundum forms incompletely (forming foramen ovale) & cell death in septum primam --> ostium secundum
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What divides the right & left atria?
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Septum primum & septum secundum
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How is blood shunted form the right atrium to the left atrium in an embryo?
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Through the foramen ovale (of septum secundum) & ostium secundum (of septum primum)
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What are the 3 possible causes of an ASD?
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1. Ostium secundum gets too big & overlaps foramen ovale
2. Absence of septum secundum 3. Neither septum secundum nor septum primum develop |
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What structure grows to close the opening/canal btwn the atrial chamber & ventricular chamber into 2 smaller openings?
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Superior & inferior endocardial cushion (which later give rise to the septum intermedium)
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What genetic abnormality is commonly associated w/endocardial cushion defects?
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Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
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What developmental structure matches the following description?
Supplies oxygenated blood to the fetus |
Umbilical veins
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What developmental structure matches the following description?
Removes nitrogenous waste from the fetal bladder |
Urachus
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What developmental structure matches the following description?
Fetal placental structure that secretes hCG |
Syncytiotrophoblast
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What developmental structure matches the following description?
Maternal component of the placenta |
Decidua basalis
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What developmental structure matches the following description?
Returns deoxygentated blood from the fetal internal iliac arteries |
Umbilical arteries
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Which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure?
Ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk |
Truncus arteriosus
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Which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure?
Coronary sinus |
Left horn sinus venosus
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Which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure?
SVC |
Right common cardinal vein/Right anterior cardinal vein
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Which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure?
Smooth parts of the left & right ventricle |
Bulbus cordis
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Which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure?
Smooth part of the right atrium |
Right horn sinus venosus
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Which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure?
Trabeculated left & right atrium |
Primitive atria
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Which embryologic structure of the heart gives rise to the following adult structure?
Trabeculated parts of the left & right ventricle |
Primitive ventricle
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What structure divides the truncus arteriosus into the aortic & pulmonary trunks? What is the cellular origin of this structure?
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1. Spiral septum/ aorticopulmonary septum
2. Neural crest |
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What is the order of fetal erythropoiesis?
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{Young Liver Synthesizes Blood}
- Yolk sac - Liver - Spleen - Bone marrow |
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Which bones in adults synthesize RBCs?
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Vertebrae, Sternum, Pelvis, Ribs, Cranial bones, Tibia, Femur
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HYQ: Which fetal vessel has the highest oxygenating?
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Umbilical v > Ductus venosus > IVC > Right atrium --> (1. FO, 2. DA) > Aorta
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What adult structures are derived from the 3rd, 4th & 6th aortic arches?
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- 3rd: Common carotid artery & Proximal part of internal carotid
- 4th: Aortic arch & Proximal part of right subclavian artery - 6th: Proximal part of pulmonary arteries & Ductus arteriosus |
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HYQ: A 45 yo male presents w/ a BP of 160/90 on the right arm & 170/92 on the left arm. There are no palpable pulses in the feet/ankle. What problem does this pt most likely have?
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Coarctation of aorta (postductal)
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HYQ: Describe blood flow through a PDA
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L to R shunt (aorta --> pulmonic)
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What heart defect is a/w the following d/o?
Chromosome 22q11 deletions |
1. Truncus arteriosus
2. Tetrology of Fallot |
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What heart defect is a/w the following d/o?
Down syndrome |
ASD, VSD, AV septal defect
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What heart defect is a/w the following d/o?
Congenital rubella |
Septal defects, PDA, Pulmonary artery stenosis
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What heart defect is a/w the following d/o?
Turner's syndrome |
Coarctation of aorta (preductal)
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What heart defect is a/w the following d/o?
Marfan's syndrome |
Aortic insufficiency, Aortic dissection
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What problems are offspring of diabetic mothers @ higher risk for?
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1. Transposition of great vessels
2. Hypoglycemia 3. LGA (clavicle fractures, Erb Duchenne palsy, shoulder dystocia, failure to progress through labor) |
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HYQ: Monozygotic twins are delivered. One is pale & has a hematocrit of 15% & the other is flushed w/a hematocrit of 55%. What is the cause of these features?
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Twin to twin transfusion syndrome
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HYQ: A child presents with cleft lip. Which embryonic process failed?
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Fusion of maxillary & medial nasal processes (formation of primary palate)
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What nerves innervate the branchial arches? Later, what structures are derived from these arches?
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1. CN V2 & V3
2. CN VII 3. CN IX 4 & 6. CN X and superior laryngeal |
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From which branchial pouch is the following structure derived?
Middle ear & eustachian tubes |
1st
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From which branchial pouch is the following structure derived?
Superior parathyroids |
4th
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From which branchial pouch is the following structure derived?
Inferior parathyroids |
3rd
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From which branchial pouch is the following structure derived?
Epithelial lining of the palatine tonsil |
2nd
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From which branchial pouch is the following structure derived?
Thymus |
3rd
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What cranial nerves innervate the tongue in the following ways?
Taste in the anterior 2/3 |
Facial (CN VII)
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What cranial nerves innervate the tongue in the following ways?
Taste in posterior 1/3 (main innervator) |
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
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What cranial nerves innervate the tongue in the following ways?
Motor |
Hypoglossal (CN XII)
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What cranial nerves innervate the tongue in the following ways?
Sensation in the anterior 2/3 |
Mandibular division of trigeminal (CN V3)
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What cranial nerves innervate the tongue in the following ways?
Sensation & taste in the posterior 1/3 |
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
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What abnormalities are often found w/an Arnold-Chiari malformation?
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1. Hydrocephaly
2. Syringomyelia 3. Myelomeningocele |
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What are the classic presenting symptoms of a syringomyelia?
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- Bilateral loss of pain & temperature sensation in the upper extremity
- Weakness & atrophy of hand muscles |
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How does the presentation of a branchial facial cyst differ from that of a thyroglossal duct cyst?
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- BCC: Lateral neck
- TDC: Midline neck, moves w/ swallowing |
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HYQ: A 23 yo pt presents w/ one testicle. What is this pt @ risk for?
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Germ cell tumor (testicular cancer)
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HYQ: A 24 yo male develops testicular cancer. Metastatic spread occurs by what route?
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Para-aortic lymphocele --> body
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HYQ: A 16 yo female pt presents w/ amenorrhea. It is later discovered that this pt lacks a uterus & uterine tubes & there are 2 round structures in the midline just superior to the labia majora. What is most likely the cause of this pt's amenorrha?
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome (XY pseudohermaphrodite)
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What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Scrotum |
Labia majora
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What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Prostate gland |
Urethral & paraurethral glands
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What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Glans penis |
Glans clitoris
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What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Corpus spongiosum |
Vestibular bulbs
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What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Bulbourethral glands |
Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin)
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What is the female homologue to the following male structure?
Ventral shaft of the penis |
Labia minora
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What gene codes for testes determining factor?
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SRY gene on Y chromosome
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What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Female w/ short stature & no barr body |
Turner's
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What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Chromosomal XXY |
Klinefelter's
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What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Chromosomal XO |
Turner's
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What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Presence of ovaries, but male genitalia |
Female pseudohermaphrodism
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What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Unable to generate DHT |
5 alpha reductase deficiency
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What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Both ovarian & testicular tissues are present |
True hermaphrodite
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What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Webbing of the neck |
Turner's
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What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Male with Barr body in PMNs |
Klinefelter's
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What reproductive pathology matches the following statement?
Ambiguous genitalia until puberty, then masculinization |
5 alpha reductase deficiency
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Most common cause of early cyanosis
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Tetrology of Fallot
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Most common cause of late cyanosis
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VSD --> Eisenmenger's syndrome
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Most common cause of primary amenorrhea
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Turner's
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Most common chromosomal d/o
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Down's
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Most common cause of congenital mental retardation
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Fetal alcohol syn > Down's > Fragile x
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Most common lethal genetic dz of Caucasians
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Cystic fibrosis
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Most common cause of congenital malformations in US
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Alcohol
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Germ layer --> Retina
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Neuroectoderm
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Germ layer --> Salivary glands
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Surface ectoderm
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Germ layer --> Pancreas
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Endoderm
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Germ layer --> Muscles of the abdominal wall
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Mesoderm
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Germ layer --> Thymus
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Endoderm
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Germ layer --> Spleen
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Mesoderm
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Germ layer --> Aorticopulmonary septum
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Neural crest
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Germ layer --> Anterior pituitary
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Surface ectoderm
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Germ layer --> Posterior pituitary
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Neuroectoderm
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Germ layer --> Bones of the skull
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Neural crest
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Germ layer --> Cranial nerves
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Neuroectoderm
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What is the most common type of TE fistula?
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Blind upper esophagus w/lower esophagus connected to trachea
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What is Potter's syndrome?
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- Bilat renal agenesis --> oligohydramnios --> limb deformaties, facial deform, pulmonary hypoplasia
- Cause: Malformation of ureteric bud |
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What is the classic presentation of congenital pyloric stenosis?
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Palpale "olive" in epigastric region & nonbilious projectile vomiting ~ 2 wks of age
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Teratogens
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ACE inhib, Alcohol, Alkylating agents, Aminoglycosides, Cocaine, DES, Folate antag, Iodide, Lithium, Maternal DM, Smoking, Tetracyclines, Thalidomie, Valproate/Carbamazepine, Vit A excess, Warfarin, Xrays
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What adult cell types arise from neural crest cells?
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ANS, DRG, Melanocytes, Adrenal chromaffin cells, Enterochromaffin cells, Pia, Arachnoid, Celiac ganglion, Schwann cells odontoblasts, Parafollicular C cells of thyroid, Laryngeal cartilage & bone of skull, Spinal septum/aorticopulmonary septum
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Review quiz Q:
What structures arise from the paramesonephric ducts? |
- Fallopian tube
- Uterus - Upper vagina |
