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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
waxy cuticle
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Problem:
Tissues dry out Solution: Develop a protective epidermis – cover it with a waxy cuticle, bark Protect embryos (spores, seeds) |
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stomata
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Problem:
Need moisture to exchange gases Solution: Cuticle keeps moisture inside - but now you need breathing holes through the cuticle to exchange gases (stomata/guard cells) |
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root-shoot system
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Problem:
You can no longer rely on the natural buoyancy of water Solutions: Root-shoot system of plants Roots anchor plants in the soil, shoots are stiffened stems |
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lignin
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Stem stiffener is lignin, traces in fossil plants back to ~ 400 mya (Silurian)
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secondary metabolites
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Complex metabolic chemistry of plants produces many toxic organic compounds, called secondary metabolites
These secondary metabolites are mainly toxic to animals, but not to plants Plants have turned their metabolic wastes into a sophisticated chemical defense system Retain toxic compounds to keep animals from nibbling on them |
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secondary compounds
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Many common drugs are plant byproducts, secondary compounds such as phenols and alkaloids
Alkaloids include psychotropic drugs like mescaline |
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diffusion
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Diffusion is too slow for large organisms, interior cells would starve or poison themselves in their own wastes
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vascular system
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tubes to carry materials back and forth (xylem & phloem)
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tracheids
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Drinking tubes
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vessels
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Vessels found mostly in angiosperms, lacking in gymnosperms and more primitive plants
Angiosperms also have more advanced xylem cells called vessels |
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alternation of generations
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Multicelluar haploid phase alternates with multicellular diploid phase (haplodiplontic)
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gametophyte
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In primitive plants the gametophyte is the dominant stage
Haploid adult (1N) is called a gametophyte Gametophyte makes gametes by mitosis |
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sporophyte
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Diploid zygote develops into an adult sporophyte
Sporophyte makes haploid spores (meiosis) Diploid adult 2N) is called a sporophyte |
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sporangium (-ia)
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Spores are produced in a sporangium (-ia)
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spore
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Spores develop directly into haploid adults
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homosporous
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In primitive plants, its hard to tell one spore from another = homosporous
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heterosporous
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In higher plants, male and female spores look different = heterosporous
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sporophylls
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Sporangia are often attached to special modified leaves called sporophylls
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strobilus (-i)
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Sporophylls (“spore leaves”) are often organized into a club-shaped strobilus (-i)
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gametangium (-ia)
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Gametes are produced in a gametangium (-ia)
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antheridium (-ia)
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A gametangium that produces sperm is called an antheridium (-ia)
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archegonium (-ia)
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A gametangium that produces eggs is called an archegonium (-ia)
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colonial organism
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Colonial organisms show
specialization of cells division of labor communication between cells |
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daughter colonies
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Daughter colonies form inside parent colony
Parent colony must burst to release them |
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Bryophytes
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(no vascular tissue)
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Phylum Bryophyta
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mosses
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Phylum Hepaticophyta
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liverworts
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Phylum Anthocerophyta
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hornworts
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bryophytes
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lack vascular tissue
Rely primarily on diffusion Lack a true root-shoot system Sporophytes are not free living |
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rhizoids
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Roots are tiny rhizoids - a few epidermal cells that anchor the plant to the soil
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cushiony moss
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erect stalks
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feathery moss
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flattened mats, low-lying
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capsule
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Sporophyte consists of a stalk with a small capsule on the top
Cells in capsule undergo meiosis, form haploid spores Capsule ripens, the lid or operculum opens up, releases the spores |
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operculum
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Capsule ripens, the lid or operculum opens up, releases the spores
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protonema
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Spores germinate into tiny green threads called protonema (pl. = protonemata)
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gemmae
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Mosses can also grow little vegetative buds called gemmae, that break off and grow into a new plant
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peat bog
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Most abundant plant in polar ecosystems
Peat bogs cover 1% of the Earth’s land surface, area = half the United States !! Peat bogs are very acidic, pH = 4 or lower, most acidic natural environment |
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Doctrine of Signatures
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Doctrine of Signatures claimed that the creator has intentionally created plants to look like the parts of the body they could be used to cure!
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elaters
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Haploid spores are surrounded by elaters, long, twisted, moist cells
When the elaters dry out, they twist and jerk around, scatter the spores |
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gemmae cup
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Asexual reproduction by gemmae cups, little cups with tiny liverwort inside, dispersed by drop of water
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Phylum Lycophyta
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club moss, quillworts
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Phylum Sphenophyta
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horsetails
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Phylum Psilophyta
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whisk fern
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Phylum Pterophyta
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true ferns
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homosporous
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can be same or different gametophytes
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heterosporous
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gametes always come from two different gametophytes
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strobilus
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Unbranched reproductive stalks, tipped with a large strobilus bearing sporangia
(horsetails) |
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sorus
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Clusters of sporangia
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indusium
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Sorus often protected by an umbrella-like structure called an indusium (-ia)
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prothallus
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Spores germinate into a tiny heart-shaped autotrophic gametophyte called a prothallus
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fiddlehead
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Early stage is called a fiddlehead, curled frond gradually unfurls and spreads out
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rhizoids
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Archegonia and antheridia on upper surface - archegonia at the notch of the heart, antheridia near the rhizoids
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Phylum Gnetophyta
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Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia
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Phylum Cycadophyta
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cycads (Cycas revoluta)
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Phylum Ginkgophyta
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Ginkgo biloba
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Phylum Coniferophyta
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conifers (pines, firs, spruces, bald cypress; Pinus)
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staminate cones
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male
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ovulate cones
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female
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Phylum Anthophyta
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flowering plants
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wind pollination
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Flowers that rely on wind pollination are tiny and inconspicuous (like oak trees, maple trees, corn, grasses)
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animal pollination
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Flowers that are pollinated by animals have showy petals to attract the pollinators
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Sepals
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protect floral parts in the bud
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Petals
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attract pollinators
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Stamens
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anthers and filaments
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Carpels
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form the pistil (stigma, style, ovary)Carpels are leaves modified to hold seeds
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Sporophylls
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leaves modified to hold spores
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pistil
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consists of the fusion of several carpels along the midrib of the modified leaves
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vessel
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Angeios = Greek for vessel (container)
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Coevolution
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occurs when an evolutionary change in one organism leads to an evolutionary change in another organism that interacts with it
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anther
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Each anther holds four microsporangia - microspores develop in microsporangia
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foliar theory of the carpel
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Goethe, German writer, philosopher, and (in his spare time) noted botanist, proposed that carpels evolved from leaves
Chambers in the pistil were probably formed from a sporophyll Edges of the leaf folded over and fused together to form a protective chamber |
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Stamens
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Stamens are highly modified sporophylls
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