Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is continuity of life |
A succession of offspring that share structural similarities with those of their parents |
|
What is DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid consisting of two strands of repeating units called nucleotides |
|
How do the two strands of the DNA run |
Anti-parallel to one another in a double helix |
|
What does each nucleotide contain |
A sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
|
In DNA what is the sugar |
Deoxyribose |
|
In DNA what are four possible they nitrogenous bases |
Adenine, guanine, cytosine and, thymine |
|
What forms the backbone of the DNA |
The sugar and the phosphate |
|
What are base pairs |
They’re the nitrogenous bases that from each strand form pairs |
|
What are the complementary bases |
Adenine and thymine bond together
Cytosine and guanine bond together |
|
What are the two ends to every nucleotide or DNA strand |
The 5’ end and the 3’ end |
|
What is a purine |
It is consisting of two rings. adenine and guanine are purines |
|
What is a pyrimidine |
It is consisting of one ring and cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines |
|
What does a base pair always consist of |
One purine and one pyrimidine |
|
Where is information stored in DNA |
The information is stored in the sequence of nitrogenous bases. we focus only on one strand when looking at the sequence |
|
Humans have a proximately how many billion base pairs in each genome |
3 billion base pairs which codes for approximately 30,000 genes |
|
True or false gene codes for proteins are not traits directly |
True |
|
Joachim Hammerling discovered what |
That hereditary info is found within the nucleus. by experimentation he found that a cell without a nucleus dies but a cell with a nucleus can regrow |
|
True or false hereditary info is carried in the protein |
False |
|
Where can DNA be found |
In the nucleus and mitochondria. in plants can be found in the chloroplasts |
|
What is Endo symbiotic theory |
Eukaryotes originated from prokaryotes and absorbed specialized bacteria which later became the organelles. supporting evidence: double membrane’s, our own DNA, and reproduction |
|
What is RNA |
It is ribonucleic acid and is single stranded |
|
What is the sugar in RNA |
Ribose |
|
What does RNA have instead of thymine |
Uracil which is complementary to adenine |
|
What is RNA important for |
Expression and replication of DNA |
|
What are the different types of RNA |
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA |
|
What are the DNA replication enzymes |
Helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase and DNA ligase |
|
What does helicase do |
It separates DNA strands and Breaks hydrogen bonds to unwind DNA |
|
What does RNA primase do |
It places the RNA primer |
|
What is DNA polymerase |
DNA polymerase III synthesizes complementary strands of DNA and also proofreads and corrects DNA
DNA polymerase I removes and replaces the RNA with DNA |
|
What is DNA ligase |
Joins DNA fragments together |
|
What is the replication fork |
The point at which the two original strands of DNA open |
|
What is the leading strand |
It is the new strand of DNA at a replication fork that is synthesizing continuously in the direction of the fork |
|
What is the lagging strand |
The new strand of DNA add a replication fork and that is synthesized in short fragments away from the fork |
|
What are the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand called |
Okazaki fragments and they are joined together by ligase |
|
How does DNA replication occur |
1. DNA helicase unwinds or opens the double helix 2. Proteins bind to the separated strands to keep them separate 3. RNA Primers are attached to the strands by RNA Primase 4. DNA polymerase III synthesizes new DNA strands adding nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction 5. DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA 6. DNA ligase joins fragments of DNA together
This all occurs only at interphase S once |
|
What is transcription |
A section of information (a gene) is copied onto RNA (specifically mRNA/messenger RNA)
RNA polymerase creates a strand of mRNA using one of the DNA strands as a template called the template strand.
The template strand is also called the antisense strand. the other strand is called the non-template strand or the Sense strand
RNA polymerase moves along the DNA continuing to synthesize mRNA Until it reaches the end of the gene
Transcription stops, mRNA and RNA polymerase release from the DNA
The irony has segments of info we do need called exons and info we don’t need called introns
The introns are cut out and we are left with an mRNA molecule with only the info we need. this only occurs in eukaryotes
Now that the mRNA has been made it needs to be used to make a protein
The mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore and finds a ribosome to synthesize a protein |
|
What is translation |
The ribosome is the site of protein synthesis
In the ribosome mRNA is read three units at a time called triplets or codons
Each Triplet matches up with its complementary triplet or anti-codon on a transfer RNA or tRNA
The tRNA has a particular amino acid attached which will transfer to the growing polypeptide |
|
OKazaki fragments are formed because DNA polymerase can only create a new strand of DNA from the ____ end to the ____ end |
5’ to 3’ |