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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER |
the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-5, 2013), a major manual used by clinicians, psychiatrists, and most other mental health therapists and professions for diagnosing mental disorders |
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SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS AND SUBSTANCE INDUCE DISORDERS |
differentiations for substance dependence in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013 |
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Moral Model |
the belief that people abuse alcohol because they choose to do so |
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Disease Model |
the belief that people abuse alcohol because of some biologically caused condition |
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Characterological or Personality Predisposition Model |
the view of chemical dependency as a symptom of problems in the development or operation of the system of needs, motives, and attitudes within the individual |
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Personality Disorders |
a broad category of psychiatric disorders, formerly called "character disorders," that includes the antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and others; these serious, ongoing impairments are difficult to treat |
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Psychoanalysis |
a theory of personality and method of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud, focused on unconscious forces and conflicts and a series of psychosexual stages |
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"Double Wall" of Encapsulation |
an adaptation to pain and avoidance of reality, in which the individual withdraws emotionally and further anesthetizes himself or herself by chemical means |
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Genetic and Biophysiological Theories |
explanations of addiction in terms of genetic brain dysfunction and biochemical patterns |
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Psychoactive Effects |
how drug substances alter and affect the brain's mental functions |
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Neurotransmitters |
the chemical messengers released by nervous (nerve) cells for communication with other cells |
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Dopamine |
a neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulates movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure; it mediates the rewarding aspects of most drugs of abuse |
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Comorbidity |
two or more disorders or illnesses occurring in the same person; they can occur either simultaneously or one after the other; also implies interactions between the illnesses that can worsen the course of both |
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Social Learning Theory |
a theory that places emphasis on how an individual learns patters of behavior from the attitudes of others, society, and peers |
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self-medication |
a method of self-care in which an individual uses non-prescribed drugs to treat untreated and often undiagnosed medical ailments involving his or her psychological condition; self-prescribed drugs can include recreational drugs, psychoactive drugs, alcohol, and/or herbal products in order to alleviate or diminish mental distress, stress and anxiety, mental illnesses, and/or psychological trauma. |
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habituation |
repeating certain patterns of behavior until they become established or habitual. |
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addiction to pleasure theory |
a theory assuming that it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus once begun. |
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sensation-seeking individuals |
types of people who characteristically are continually seeking new or novel thrills in their experiences. |
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differential reinforcement |
ratio between reinforcers, both favorable and disfavorable, for sustaining drug use behaviors. |
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social influence theories |
sociological theories that view a person's day-to-day social relations as a primary cause for drug use. |
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structural influence theories |
theories that view the structural organization of a society, peer group, or subculture as directly responsible for drug use. |
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labeling theory |
the theory emphasizing that other people's perceptions directly influence one's self-image. |
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primary deviance |
any type of initial deviant behavior in which the perpetrator does not identify with the deviance. |
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secondary deviance |
any type of deviant behavior in which the perpetrator identifies with the deviance. |
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master status |
major status position in the eyes of others that clearly identifies an individual; for example: doctor, professor, alcoholic, heroin addict. |
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retrospective interpretation |
social psychological process of redefining a person in light of a major status position; for example: homosexual, physician, professor, alcoholic, convicted felon, or mental patient. |
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subculture theory |
explains drug use as a peer-generated activity. |
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conventional behavior |
behavior largely dictated by custom and tradition, which is often disrupted by the forces of rapid technological change. |
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control theory |
theory that emphasizes when people are left without bonds to other groups (peers, family, social groups) they generally have a tendency to deviate from upheld values and attitudes. |
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socialization |
the growth and development process responsible for learning how to become a responsible, functioning human being. |
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low-risk drug choices |
developing values and attitudes that lead to controlling the use of alcohol and drugs. |
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high-risk drug choices |
developing values and attitudes that lead to using drugs both habitually and addictively. |