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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
America represents ___% of the world's population and ____% of the world's cocaine.
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5%
50% |
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Drug use is _____ ________.
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cultural universal
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What purpose do drugs serve?
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Medicine, recreational, healing, Shaman, for religious purposes, spiritual reasons, rites of passage for adolescents in maturing, punishment for children who are bad, witches (potions containing frogs, which release hallucinogens, to control people), Vikings called Bezerkers would go so crazy that they would intimidate their opponents.
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The 1800's was known as what?
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A Dope-Fiend’s Paradise
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What is notable about the 1800's?
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-Drug use was widely used and widely tolerated.
-Opium (cheap, easily available, and legal), Laudnum (liquid Opium) -Coca-Cola -Women were regularly prescribed morphine for nymphomania and menstrual cramps. -Hemp. -Coffee -Cigarettes |
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The 1900's was known as what?
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An Era of Drug Regulation
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When did people begin to see the dangers of drugs?
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1900's
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What started all of our drug laws and why?
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immigration
-economic competition |
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What was the first drug act?
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-Legislation against smoking opium
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What said you have to be a doctor to prescribe narcotics and tax it. Immigrants had no way of paying for prescriptions, considered violating the tax code, and then could arrest them?
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Harrison Narcotics act of 1913
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What was caused by.. The Irish, Italians, and Europeans were heavy drinkers. Americans didn’t like them because they thought they were taking jobs from us. Reducing alcohol at first but then it went back up. It made it worse; people were making more potent alcohol. This introduced the Mafia and the black market into the American society?
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1920: Prohibition lasted 13 years.
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What was caused because Mexicans smoked marijuana. Texas and California were the first states to adopt this?
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1937: The Marijuana Tax Act.
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What was caused because Many were using drugs as a political statement. Marijuana and LSD were popular at that time because they wanted to challenge the power structure and see the world in a different way?
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1960’s: Counter-culture, women’s rights, assassination, Woodstock,
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1970: war on drugs declared by Richard Nixon and was ushered in with the ________ ____ __.
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Controlled Substances Act.
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What act changed all the legislation in the way it never had before by creating a drug schedule containing 5 classes depending on which drug was where, on potential harm?
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controlled substance act
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Explain/give examples of each level in the controlled substance act
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Level 1: the most dangerous drugs with no medicinal value.
(Heroin, LSD, crack) Level 2: dangerous with some medicinal value. (Morphine) Level 3: barbituates, steroids Level 4: valium Level 5: cough medicine, codeine |
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What made drugs criminal with a serious crime and serious punishment?
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1970: moved from treasure dept. to criminal department
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What was created by Nancy Reagan, (actually made kids more inclined to drug use); rebellion also caused kids to use more drugs?
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1980’s: D.A.R.E. Just say NO to drugs.
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What made Mandatory minimums, three strikes and you’re out. Number of people in prison went up significantly. The U.S. has a very punitive policy. Drug policy has not been driven by research; it has been driven by racism?
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1988: Anti-Drug use act of 1988.
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Name 5 drug acts
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The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914
The Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act of 1912-1920 The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 The Controlled Substances Act on 1970 The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 |
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___% of the US population has used Marijuana in the last month.
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7%
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___% of the US population has had alcohol in the past month.
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52%
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___%of the US population has binge drink in the last month.
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24%
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___% of the US population has had a cigarette in the last month.
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23%
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______% of the US population has used any other illegal drug (besides marijuana) in the last month.
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0.0-3.0%
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The drug use rates are _____ than they were 40 years ago.
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lower
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What is the greatest predictor of drug use?
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age
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Women binge drink to...
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: look cool in front of men and to be more confident (not much progress in the women’s movement)
-when women wanted equality, marketers tapped into that |
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What raises alcohol content?
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sodium
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Women who are former addicts are _____ likely to get married than men.
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less
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If married: women ____ likely to stay with men and men are ___likely to stay with women.
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more
not |
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Minorities ____ ____ use more than majority.
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do not
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______ ______ teens have very low rates of drug use
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African American
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What is caused because... reason: money-when you have it…
-the idea of not adhering to stereotypes, must avoid if wanting to succeed? |
Age Race Cross Over Effect:
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What happens to african americans at age 35?
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they switch to having higher drug use rates than whites
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Why is social class important to consider in drug use?
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Different classes use different drugs
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Why are occupations important to consider in drug use?
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construction, truck drivers, entertainment industry, doctors (access, power, high stress, pressure), athletes
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Comparing rates from US to other countries:_____ rates from smoking and alcoholism and ____ rates for other drugs.
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higher rates
lowering rates |
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______ has the most lenient drug laws of all.
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Portugal
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White people use more because…
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1. Money
2. Not wanting to adhere to stereotypes |
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1. Stanton Peele in Hungry for the Next Fox argues:
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Addiction is not a disease
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2. In Peele’s article he notes that the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA):
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Favors the disease model of addiction
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3. The disease model is supported by:
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Alcoholics Anonymous
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4. Peele references which if the following in his article?
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The high rates of recovery of Vietnam vets who became addicted to drugs during the war, the ineffectiveness of Naltrexone (a drug that is designed to block addiction), That brain scans of alcoholics might look similar to those of compulsive shoppers, eaters, and gamblers. (All of the above)
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5. Stocker (Finding the Future Alcoholic) suggests that the alcoholic’s brain is hypersensitive to stress and that he/she uses alcohol to calm down. This hypersensitivity is due to:
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Could be produced by either genetics of the environment
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6. Bagley, How it All Starts Inside Your Brain, emphasizes:
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How drug use changes the brain reducing the ability to feel pleasure from ordinary activities.
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7. Legrand, Iacono, McGue, in Predicting Addiction, reveal that:
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Addiction risk (to some extent) is inherited but not specific
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8. Legrand, Iacono, McGue, in Predicting Addition, reveal that addiction can be predicted by:
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The amount of alcohol the father consumes, a genetic marker called P300, if people try alcohol before age 15. (all of the above)
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9. Legrand, Iacono, McGue, in Predicting Addition, suggest that the contribution of genetics and environment to addiction is likely:
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50% (genetics)/ 50% (environment)
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10. Viewing the articles together, we see that it is questionable whether the environment plays a role in addiction. There are many people who can persuasively argue that environment plays no role.
True or False? |
False
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11. Viewing the articles together, we see that intergenerational transmission of addiction is controversial. There are many people who can persuasively argue that there is no correlation between whether a parent is an alcoholic and the risk that the child will become an alcoholic.
True or False |
False
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12. Is addiction a disease?
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True and False. The issue is controversial. (this is a trick question)
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What says that there are multiple influences to addiction?
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Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction
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At the moment, ________is having the largest effect; part of that being the pharmaceutical industry.
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biology
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Biology causes from drug use/abuse have strong evidence from_____ _____.
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twin studies
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The amount of alcohol the _____ consumes affects drug use/abuse.
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father
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The Genetic marker called ____ affects drug use/abuse.
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P300
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Trying alcohol before age ___ affects drug use/abuse.
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15
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Name Physiological factors that affect drug use/abuse.
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undiagnosed mood disorders, depression, anxiety, bipolar.
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Biology accounts for ____% of drug use/abuse.
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50%
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Why do people use drugs?
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Alter mind, escape, peer pressure, coping, to have fun, curiosity, ect.
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Who created the Psychological Theory (oral fixation)?
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Sigmund Freud
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Name 10 personality theories that affect drug use/abuse.
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-Harm avoidant
-Reward dependent (people who need external validation) -Novelty seeking (people who enjoy new experiences) -Pessimistic (“everything bad happens to me”) -Inability to trust -Anti-social/aggression (enhances testosterone) -Low self esteem -Hypersensitive -Self-destructive -Passive/not active problem solvers |
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Name 10 Family/Social Influences for drug use/abuse.
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-Early attachment first three years
-Abuse/neglect -Parenting style -Enmeshed (few boundaries) versus disengaged (cold, impersonal, rigid boundaries) -Allowance (more money for drugs and alcohol) -Chores (teaches responsibility) -Parents drinking -Parental death -Divorce -Birth Order (youngest child) |
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Name 4 parenting styles
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-Authoritarian (dictator, low self-esteem occurs here)
-Authoritative (high on control and support, best) -Permissive (high support, low control, high self-esteem occurs here) -Neglectful (neither, trying to work through a lot of pain) |
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In what parenting style is there a dictator, low self-esteem occurs?
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authoritarian
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In what parenting style is one high on control and support.. the best parenting style?
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authoritative
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What is the best parenting style?
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authoritative
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What parenting style has high support, low control, and high self-esteem occurs?
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Permissive
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What parenting style tries to work through a lot of pain?
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Neglectful
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According to birth order, who is the most likely to use/abuse drugs?
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the youngest
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Name 2 Social-Psychological Theories
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Family/Social influences
Peers |
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Name 2 sociological theories of drug use and abuse
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-Micro-individual level processes
-Macro-societal level processes |
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Name 6 Micro-individual level processes for drug use/abuse
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Social Learning
Symbolic Interactionist Social Control Exchange theory Subculture Social Strain |
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What Micro-individual level process is learning from watching what others around us do?
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Social Learning
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According to birth order, who is the most likely to use/abuse drugs?
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the youngest
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Name 2 Social-Psychological Theories
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Family/Social influences
Peers |
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Name 2 sociological theories of drug use and abuse
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-Micro-individual level processes
-Macro-societal level processes |
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Name 6 Micro-individual level processes for drug use/abuse
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Social Learning
Symbolic Interactionist Social Control Exchange theory Subculture Social Strain |
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What Micro-individual level process is learning from watching what others around us do?
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Social Learning
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What Micro-individual level process are Our behaviors are fueled by the actions of others, shared meaning, reality is constantly being created and recreated with us, looking glass self (we see ourselves based on what we think others think of us), labeling theory (self-fulfilling prophecy)?
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Symbolic interactionist
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What Micro-individual level process says that o If it weren’t for social controls, we would do anything that feels good if we wanted, informal control (if you care what your parents think of you, no emotional connection, you don’t care what they think) guidelines, rules, specific punishments?
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social control
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What Micro-individual level process Comes from economics, people are always trying to maximize their profits, do the benefits exceed the costs?
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exchange theory
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What Micro-individual level process says that there are subcultures where drugs are acceptable?
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subculture
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What Micro-individual level process says that We cannot judge drug addicts or drug users because everyone experiences the same conditions in the world?
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social strain
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Name 2 Macro-societal level processes?
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-functionalism
-conflict theory |
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What tends to describe a society like you would describe an organism, it has parts, and each part serves a function. The parts are interdependent and work together. What function does it serve to sustain the whole?
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functionalism
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What focuses on inequality, competition for scarce resources (the haves, and the have-nots), the elite try to maintain dominance?
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conflict theory
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Name 2 characteristics under the conflict theory
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-Theories of the Middle Range
-Merton’s Social Strain Theory |
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Name 2 factors of Merton’s Social Strain Theory
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-Capitalism
-Bales (1946) said the degree to which a culture provides substitute means of satisfaction is a major influence on the rate of substance abuse. |
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When did drug use peak?
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.
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When did cocaine peak?
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.
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When did marijuana peak?
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.
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When did amphetamines peak?
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.
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When did meth amphetamines peak?
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.
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When did ecstasy peak?
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.
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When did heroin peak?
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.
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When did hallucinogens peak?
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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