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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some gross motor abilities?
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-Alternating feet when going up and down stairs
-Walking in a straight line -Balancing on tire beams -Climbing, alternating feet -Tricucle |
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Define Locomotion Abilities, Movement Consistency and Movement Constancy
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1. Locomotion-- transportation (walking, skipping)
2. Movement Consistency-- Being able to run & catch; general movements and abilities 3. Movement Constancy-- When you can adapt those abilities to different circumstances (playing tag and switching directions) |
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Define the four different types of play and how they can vary across culture:
1. Early play 2. Rough and tumble play 3. Equipment in play 4. Work play |
1. Early Play-- Chase: running VS. chasing waves VS. flying kites
2. Rough and tumble play-- play fighting, rough housing 3. Equipment play-- Balls vs. fruit to throw 4. Work play-- imitation of what is going on in that society. |
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Explain the artistic development:
1. Dots 2. Circles 3. Pre schematic 4. schematic |
1. Dots-- Children will bang and make dots, process not product
2. Circles-- Attempt to draw shapes 3. Pre schematic-- basic stick people 4. schematic-- more advanced or detailed drawings in how they perceive the world. |
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How do boys and girls differ in development?
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Boys-- more muscle/gross motor, like more active and risk taking activities
Girls-- develop fine motor better and sooner, better perceptual |
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Describe some self-help skills
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--Washing tables in a prescribed manor (left to right, up and down)-- reinforces reading and writing techniques
-- How to polish a penny, shoe polishing --Daily chores --Weather checker, bell ringer, energy saver |
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What is preopporational thought according to Piaget?
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More abstract thought that includes:
-Recalling things in the past -Learning about history or the past and what si going to happen in the future -Yesterday has already gone by, today is now and tomorrow is the future. |
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What is symbolic thought?
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Children are thinking of things that are not present
-Dramatic play: a block is a gun |
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How can problems solving be incorporated into the classroom?
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--Blocks: stack so they don't fall
-- Puzzle: fitting all the pieces -- Science experiments --Asking guiding questions (what do you think will happen?) |
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Explain some limitations in perception:
1. Unidementional Thought 2. Irreversibility 3. Transductive reasoning |
1. Unidementional Thought: can only deal with one thing at a time. (Go hang up your back pack) and Will sort things according to a single attribute (one glass has more water because it's taller)
2. Irreversibility-- children cannot reverse their thinking (go the long way even if there's a short cut) 3. Transductive Reasoning-- Cause and effect happens just before something else, making things that may not be related have relatedness. (not hanging up coat--parents got divorced) 4. Egocentrism-- Not being able to take another's perspective |
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What are some criticisms with Piaget's work?
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--Language and cultural barriers
--Lack of social interaction (need students to interact with one another) |
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What is Zone Approximal Development according to Vygotsky?
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space between where their understanding is now and where the next step is.
Allows teachers to scaffold and support learning |
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What's the difference between:
Field independent learners and field sensitive learners |
1. Field Independent-- solve problems without being affected by the environment (not autonomous for children from collectivism cultures)
2. Field Sensitive-- Rely on enviornment to solve problems |
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Describe the three areas that are associated with the theories of the mind.
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1. Eternal Emotional States-- ability to take another persons perspective
2. Motives and intentions-- knowing when something is intentional 3. Knowing and remembering-- being able tot recall information, pay attention |
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Why is the theory of the mind important?
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--Read intentions (how to communicate with student)
-- How to increase attention (blocks) -- Help students identify their feelings -- Help students problem solve (can use dramatic play area) |
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What are somethings that can enhance the dramatic play area?
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--Realistic props
--Adapt materials on the spot --Having levels of difficulty -- Toys that hold interest |
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What is Symbolic Thought and how can the teacher promote it?
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Symbolic Thought is a form of thinking where symbols stand for things that aren't present.
Teachers can promote by: --Conversation --Stories (book and oral) --Written print --Expressive arts (dance, music, drama; opportunities) |
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How can Symbolic Thought enhance intellectual ability?
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As children engage in more complex play, problem solving skills and IQ are studied to have been higher because they are more likely to learn and exercise the brain to develop these skills.
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What is the teacher's role in Symbolic Thought?
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--Intervene only when necessary
--May provide a prompt (where are you going? Do you need gas? Peter can you pump the gas?) --Help the children take roles with one another, invite them to play --YOU ARE NOT THE PLAY MATE BUT THE FACILITATOR |
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What are some factors as to why children of lower socioeconomic status play less often and less well?
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--Experience or exposure with certain kinds of toys
--Cultural differences in what they think is valuable |
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What is functional play and some examples?
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Seen in children 2 and half and above.
Put pot on the stove, put it away |
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What are some challenges that limit dramatic play in the classroom?
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--Lack of materials (not allowing imaginative play be combined with other things)
--Teacher role (can limit freedom if they are the play mate instead of the observer) |
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What is Ponology?
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The part of the language that involves speech, sounds, and imitation
Using different parts of the mouth and tongue to produce sound that is like that of what they hear on a daily basis Learning rules about when a sound makes an s sound like a z sound, etc. |
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What is Semantics?
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Knowing the meaning of words
Age two-- 200-250 words Age three-- 10,000 words May overgeneralize or over restrict words |
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What is Syntax?
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Order that words go in, in a sequence
Adding adjectives and adverbs by school age Learning the endings of words |
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What is Pragmatics?
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Uses of the language
Learn through listening Learn different aspects of the language need to be taught (polite, how to talk in conversation) |
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Describe Pragmatics and culture.
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--collectivist-- talk at the same time
--some cultures value silence during a conversation --Body language --gestures |
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Describe phonemic awareness and how can a teacher enhance a child's phonemic awareness?
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Understanding speech and words are made from specific sounds.
Teachers should have a lot of written things in the environment-- books, magazines etc. |
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What are some examples of sociodramatic centers?
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Post office, book binding shop; setting up centers that promotes something specific
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What is something that is most helpful to enhance reading skills for children with disabilities?
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Lap reading
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What stage of Erikson's Psycho Social Theory are children of this age in?
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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Define initiative
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To act on your own, reaching out to others, and getting the kind of support that is necessary to grow.
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Define guilt
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When children get a lot of criticism, feel that they are not right in the word, or are making a lot of mistakes by adult guidelines
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What is social initiative?
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Behaviors such as:
-How to play with others -How to enter play -How to sustain relationships -Learning qualities that are attractive to other people |
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How can the teacher build social initiative?
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Group time, building the community
Create opportunities to talk and work together |
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How might a collectivist look at initiative?
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Whole group is more important as the individual, so it is not as enthusiastically emphasized as Euro American culture
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Define social competence?
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Degree to which children are liked by others
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How are the "popular" kids described?
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-Person others want to play with
-Outgoing, socially active, leader -Develop skills in problem solving -Begun to read social interactions or queues |
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How are children that are "rejected" described?
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-Anti-social behavior
-Fussy, complaining, tattle tale -Aggressive in behavior -Don't know how to read social queues -Cannot take perspective of another person -May intentionally separate themselves. |
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How are children that are "neglected" described?
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-Shy, quiet, has more difficulty entering into play
-Difficulty acquiring social skills -Very overly cautious |
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How can a teacher help teach through friendships?
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-Problem solving skills
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What is social participation and the five subcategories?
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Degree to which children are involved with peers during play
--Unoccupied Behavior:No interest in other activities around them --Onlooker behavior: Interested in watching not entering --Parallel Play: Side by side play but not together --Associative Play: individual activities, not together --Cooperative Play: central theme that both are involved in |
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What is altruism and empathy?
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Altruism- showing kindness
Empathy-Ability to feel others physical and psychological pain |
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How can a teacher influence altruism and empathy?
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-Talk about it
-Read books -Model it -Acknowledge it |
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How do the theorists (materationaist, psychoanalysis, behaviorist, cognitive and ecological) feel about altruism and empathy?
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--Materrationaist: you are born kind but you refine it
--Psychoanalysis: early attachment will lead to early empathy --Behaviorist: learn through adult models Cognitive: learn what is necessary in promoting acceptance Ecological: develop within the hole |
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Define aggression and what forms it come in
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Aggression: intention to do harm
--Verbal: teasing, threats, bullying, internet --Physical: Kicking, biting pushing striking |
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Define the four types of physical aggression seen in children.
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--Proactive; unprovoked action
--Reactive: Reacting to something they see as a threat and take on action -- Instrumental: when children want something, so they take it. --Bullying: hostile |
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How is assertiveness different from aggression?
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Being able to size up a situation and know what to do.
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What group has the hardest time forming friendships?
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Children in poverty
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Define perceptual/motor coordination
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The ability to integrate movements and perception. Using vision to guide one's hands in drawing or turning the pages of a book.
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What do children rely heavily on to interpret the world and solve problems?
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Their senses
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