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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The fundamental principle of Geology
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Uniformitarianism
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The concept that the oldest rock layers are at the bottom of a sequence with younger rock layers deposited on top of them
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superposition
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Any event that cuts across an existing rock unit is younger than that unit.
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cross cutting relationships
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Proposed by the Danish geological pioneer Nicholas Steno. This principle states that layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally |
principal of horizontality
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erosional surfaces between older crystalline rocks and younger sedimentary rocks.
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nonconformities
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erosional surfaces that separate older tilted or folded beds the younger flat lying beds.
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angular unconformities
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erosional surfaces between parallel sedimentary beds.
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disconformities
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Fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order,
therefore any geologic time interval can be recognized by its fossil content |
principle of fauna succession
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Cell material is removed and replaced with mineral matter
(fossilization) |
petrified
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Shell or other structure is buried and then
dissolved by underground water Shape is preserved in the surrounding sediment |
mold
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Hollow space of a mold is
filled with mineral matter |
cast
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Organic matter becomes a thin
residue of carbon. This is a ‘compression’of the original organism |
carbonization
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Replica of the fossil's
surface preserved in fine-grained sediment |
impression
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Fossils existed for a short range of geologic time
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index fossils
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4500 million or 4.6 billion years
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age of earth
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This eon from first rocks until abundant fossil organisms
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precambrian eon
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Paleozoic (old life, trilobites, fishes),
Mesozoic Era (middle life, age of dinosaurs), Cenozoic (recent life, age of mammals) |
Phanerozoic Eon divided up into three eras
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eras are divided into ______
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periods
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Actual age dates determined by crosscutting relationships with igneous rocks
that can be dated radiometrically. T or F? |
TRUE
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smallest particle that retains properties of element
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atom
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have the same number of
protons, but different numbers of neutrons. |
isotopes
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Proton + electron = neutron
T or F |
TRUE
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___________of unstable isotopes gives off several forms of radiation
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Radioactive Decay
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release of two protons and two neutrons.
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alpha decay
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release of electron
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beta decay
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are photons released from nucleus to reach ‘rest’ state.
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gamma rays
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columns are
groups of elements with similar physical properties, arranged by the number of valence electrons. T or F |
TRUE
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valence of alkali metals
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one
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valence of alkaline earth metals
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two
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valence of haolgens
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seven
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characteristics of acids and bases
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chemical opposites
neutralize one another combine in solution to yield water and "salt" |
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alkali metals have ___ charge, lose______
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+1, lose
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Alkaline earth metals have____charge, lose 2 ______
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+2, electrons
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halogens have ____ charge, and gain ____
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-1, gain
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what does H+ signify?
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an acid
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what does OH- signify
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a base
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acids donate ____ to base
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protonp
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pH 7 is _____
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neutral
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pH literally stands for
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power hydrogeni
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ionic compounds join by donation/reciept of _________
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electrons
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pH of bases is between ____ and ____
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7, 14
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pH of acids is between ____ and ____
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7, 0
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cation is _____ charged
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positive
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anion is _____ charged
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negative
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natural gas is mostly________
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methane
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combustion of hydrocarbon in oxygen creates ______
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heat
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disadvantages of solar energy?
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inefficient (10%)
Not much solar gain in some areas Cost of the balance of the systems |
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photovoltaic?
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• Photons from Sun excite electrons in atoms
• Induces current flow • Produces direct current electricity (DC) • About 100 watts/m2 |
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disadvantages of biomass fuel (plant sources, bio fuel)
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low % efficiency..3%
lack of growable land where power is needed |
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Wind power: make electricity. U. S. locations, potential utilization amount.
Utilization amount in other areas |
California, intermountain west, and Minnesota at present
potential utilization amount 10% gain utilization in Denmark 20%, germany 7% |
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what is biomass...where is it from and what does it produce?
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• Direct burning of plant material
• Oil harvested from seeds • Plant material converted to –Alcohol: methanol and ethanol –Converted to methane |
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disadvantages of water power
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Need to dam rivers where precipitation is reliable
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Grand Coulee Dam
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North America’s largest concrete
structure • Located on the Columbia River in Central Washington *3rd largest producer of electricity in the world |
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disadvantages of tide power
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• Prevents migration of anadromousfish
• Inhibits navigation • Damages natural and scenic coastlines |
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geothermal energy...where?
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• California about 10%
–‘The Geysers’ geothermal field• Hawaii’s Big Island 25% • The Philippines 27% |
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geothermal energy disadvantages?
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Disadvantages
–Water is corrosive –Steam is depleted from hot reservoirs |
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Hydrogen
• More energy than any other fuel –2 H2+ O2 2 H2O + 572 kJ heat energy• WATER is the reaction product—clean! • Can be distributed in presently existing pipelines • But isn’t hydrogen DANGEROUS?? |
true
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ice that burns
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methan hydrate
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oil shale
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four corners
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Entropy
• Lack of order of systems • Nature tends toward disorder—greater entropy • Takes energy to overcome entropy –Oil spill on Columbia River –CFC released into atmosphere |
true
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types of traps for petroleum
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• Structural
• Stratigraphic * unconformity trap |
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major oil fields in north america
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titusville, pa
texas oil signal hill north sea |
