Eas Test 2

45%

Higher latitude, lower flux

Lower latitude, higher flux

Less dense air uplifts

More dense air subsides

Moves from high to low pressure zones

Troposphere

Absorption of UV radiation because of the ozone layer

From the bottom, Earth's surface absorbs sunlight and reradiates it, making it convective

From the top, not convective because there's no tendency for air to rise

Incoming solar radiation - outgoing terrestrial radiation

Negative - energy deficit, earth's temperature cools

Positive - Energy surplus, earth's temperature increases

Equator - constantly getting warmer, energy surplus

Polar - constantly getting colder, energy deficit

Towards

Water evaporates from equator and is carried by wind to higher latitudes, its condensation releases heat

Warm current flow toward higher latitudes and releases heat before returning or sinking

Altitude increases, air pressure decreases (exponentially)

Altitude decreases, air pressure increases

Low pressure - wetter, tropical air is warm and rises by convection

High pressure - drier

30° N and S

N - right

S - left

Equator - 0

Increases with latitude

As speed increases, Coriolis increases

Over warm water

Latent heat via positive feedback loop

There's no Coriolis effect at the equator

Obliquity

Equinox: sun is directly over equator

Solstices: sun is at 23.5°

97% oceans, 3% freshwater

0.009%

3% of the ocean (chloride and sodium)

Sea ice formation

Evaporation

Runoff

Precipitation

N - clockwise

S - counterclockwise

towards the center

Dominated by large scale gyres

Atmospheric winds (Coriolis effect)

Ekman transport

20-45° from wind direction

N- right

S- left

Convergence- downwelling because it's the sinking of water due to accumulation of converging water

Divergence - upwelling because it's the rising of colder air to replace warm, diverging water

Wing blows along the coastline and causes surface water to move away, so water from deep ocean rises up and replaces it

Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Trade winds reverse direction

Warm water dragged back east

No upwelling possible

Lower latitudes, 10-30°

Lower temp, higher density

Higher salinity, higher density

Sea ice formation increases salinity and density, leads to sinking of surface water (creates North Atlantic bottom water)

Transfer of heat or matter by flow of fluid, especially horizontally in air or sea

Night and day are the same length, passing from north to south

States that atmospheric pressure decreases by a factor of 10 for each 16km increase in altitude

Difference between continental and marine climates (increased range of temperatures that occur over land compared to water)

Transfer of heat energy by circulation motions of fluid heated from below

Inward movement of air or water to a region in the atmosphere or ocean

Tendency for a fluid moving across Earth's surface to be deflected from its straight line path

Electron pairs are shared between atoms

23.5° angle in the south

p

Outward movement of air or water from a region in the atmosphere or ocean

Sinking of surface water caused by convergence of water

Wind blowing from the east to the west (occurs in polar and tropic regions)

Shallow, broad, slow flowing

Transports cold water from higher to lower latitudes

Net direction of transport in the water column as a result of the Ekman spiral, 90°

Major shift in the oceanic circulation

Climatic event in the tropical Pacific Ocean, main area of surface convection moves from the western to the central Pacific, causes anomolies in mid latitude locations

Water that penetrates through soil and rock, collected below the surface

Large, circular circulation pattern in the ocean

Process by which an air mass undergoes convergence at the tropics and divergence at 30° N or S

Amount of exposure to sun's rays

Region of the tropics where surface heating causes uplift in the atmosphere, allowing subtropical air to flow inward and produce a convergence zone

atom/molecule with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of electrons

Transfer of electrons and electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Belts of high wind speeds, occurring where pressure gradient is steepest

23.5°, in the North

Opposite phase of the southern oscillation from el nino

Energy required to cause phase change between a solid and liquid

Requires addition of energy

Liquid to solid releases energy

Energy required to cause a phase change between liquid and gas

Requires addition of energy

Gas to liquid releases energy

North-south tropospheric circulation

Cold, dense water that forms in the northernmost Atlantic Ocean, sinks, and flows south into the rest of the Atlantic Ocean

Angle of a planet's spin axis

Chemically distinct region of the stratosphere the protects the Earth's surface from UV radiation

Pressure of a gas would exert if it were the only gas present

Zone of steep temperature gradients

Formed at 60° N and S

Cold air meets warm air moving poleward from the subtropics

Direction of orientation of a magnetic field

Transfer of water from land to the oceans

Parts per thousand

Vapor pressure where rate of condensation = rate of evaporation

Increases with temperature

Surface ocean warming leads to stratification (stable)

Latitude where the sun is directly overhead at noon

q

Angle between the sun and a line drawn perpendicular to the ground, 0 when directly overhead

A substance that can dissolve another substance

Stable atmospheric layer between 10 and 50km above the surface

Temperature increases with altitude

Contains most of the Earth's ozone

Sinking air from higher levels in the atmosphere down towards the surface

Layer in a large body of fluid in which temperature changes more rapidly with depth

Circulation of the deep oceans due to density differences that result from variations in temperature and salinity

Northeast/southeast wings in the tropics

Hurricanes - in the atlantic

Typhoons - in the pacific

S - CW

23.5° North

Sun is directly overhead in June

Interface between the troposphere and stratosphere

Tropical air is warmer, less dense, and rises by convection

Rising of colder water to replace warm, diverging water

A - 5% absorbed (315-400nm)

B - 95% absorbed (280-315nm)

C - 100% absorbed (100-280nm)

Pressure exerted by water vapor

Winds blowing from west to east, from mid latitudes