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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
About how many times thicker is the wall of the left ventricle than the wall of the right ventricle?
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The left ventricle is 2-3 times thicker
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What are the extensions (expanded areas) of the atria called?
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From the outside they are Auricles
From the inside they are called appendages |
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Why do we examine the auricles during ultrasound exams?
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We are looking for the presence of thrombus
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Name the 4 valves of the heart.
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Tricuspid
Mitral Pulomonic Aortic |
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What valves of the heart are called semilunar?
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The pulmonic and aortic
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What heart valve only has 2 leaflets?
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Mitral
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Name the 3 vessels which bring blood into the right atrium.
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The IVC, SVC and CS
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What opening exists in the right atrium during fetal life?
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The formamen ovalle
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What direction does blood flow through the foramen ovalle in fetal life?
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Blood flows from the rt atria to the left atria with the assistance of the eustachia valve guiding the flow.
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After birth what is the foramen ovalle called? And what if it doesnt close after birth?
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After birth the foramen ovalle closes to become the fossa ovalus. If it doesnt close it is called patent foramen ovalle.
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What other "bypass" vessel exists before birth?
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The ductus arteriosus.
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In what direction does blood flow through the ductus arteriosus during fetal life?
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Blood flows through the ductus arteriosus from pulmonic valve to the aortic valve.
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What is the ductus arteriosus called after birth? And what if it doesnt close?
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After birth the ductus arteriosus closes to form the ligamentum arteriosum. If it doesnt close it is called patent ductus arteriosus
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What is the purpose of the foramen ovalle and the ductus arteriosum during fetal life?
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They bypass the lungs.
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What is the roughness of the myocardium in the lower portions of the ventricles called? What purpose does it serve.
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These rough surfaces are trabiculae carnea or trabiuculation. They support the heart and strengthen the ventricle walls. They are more prominent in the RT Ventricle.
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What is the area where the leaflet attaches to the wall called?
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Annulus
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Name the leaflets of the tricuspid valve
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Anterior
Posterior Septal aka Media |
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Name the leaflets of the mitral valve
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Anterior
posterior |
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Name the leaflets of the pulmonic valve
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Anterior
Left Posterior aka right |
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Name the leaflets of the Aortic valve.
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RCC
LCC NCC cc= coronary cusp |
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In the mitral valve, which leaflet is larger?
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The anterior leaflet
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name the three layers of the heart wall, in order from inner most to outer most.
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Endocardium
Myocardium Epicardium |
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What is the name of the sac surrounding the heart? Name the 3 layers from inner most to outer most.
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Pericardium
- Visceral -parietal -Fibrous |
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Where is the pericardial cavity located? How much fluid is "normal"?
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The pericardial cavity is located between the visceral and parietal layers. It contains 5-10 cc of serum
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Between which layers of the pericardium is there normally some serous fluid? What is its purpose?
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In the pericardial sac between the visceral and parietal layers there is 5-10 cc of serum. This helps the heart move, it reduces friction and allows the heart to slide with each beat.
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Which coronary artery branch feeds the right atrium?
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Rt Coronary artery
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Which coronary artery feeds the anterio-later wall of the LV?
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Circumflex
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Whcih coronoary artery feeds the inferior wall of the LV?
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The PDA and/or RCA
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Which coronary artery feeds the right ventricle?
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The RCA
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Which coronary artery feeds the Anterior IVS?
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LAD
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Which coronary artery feeds the inferior IVS?
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The PDA
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Which coronary artery feeds the left atrium?
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The circumflex
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Which coronary artery feeds the anterior wall of the LV?
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The LAD
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Which coronary artery feeds the Infero-lateral wall of the LV?
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Circumflex
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Which Coronary artery feeds the posterior wall of the LV?
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Circumflex
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In what percentage does the PDA arise from the RCA? What is this referred to as?
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in 80-85% the PDA arises from the RCA. This is referred to as Right dominant
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What is another name from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and where does it lead?
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The RVOT is aka Infundibulum and it leads to the pulmonic valve/artery
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The leaflets, annulus, chordae tendenae, papillary muscles and heart walls at the point of the papillary muscle orgin are all collectively known as what/
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Valve apparatus
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Damage to any part of the valve apparatus can lead to what?
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Damage to any part of the valve apparatus can lead to regurge
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Name the 3 vessels that drain the heart tissue. And where do they drain into.
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The great cardiac vein drains the LAD & circumflex
The small cardiac vein drains the RCA and the Middle cardiac vein drains the PDA. All these are drained back into the Coronary sinus and into the rt atrium |
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Average or normal blood pressure for the Right atrium
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2-8 (avg 6)
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Avg or normal blood pressure in the Left atrium
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2-12 (avg 10)
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Ave or normal blood pressure in the right Ventricle
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25/5
systole/diastole |
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Ave or normal blood pressure in the left ventricle
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120/7
systole/diastole |
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Avg or normal blood pressure in the Main pulmonary artery
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25/10
systole/diastole |
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Ave of normal blood pressure in the aorta
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120/80
systole/diastole |
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Normal O2 levels in IVC
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72%
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Normal O2 levels in SVC
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78%
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Normal O2 level in CS
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60%
**lowest in body |
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Normal O2 in right atrium
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75%
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Normal O2 levels in Right ventricle
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75%
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Normal O2 Levels in Pulmonary arteries
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75%
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Normal O2 levels in Pulmonary veins
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98%
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Normal O2 level in Lt atrium
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98%
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Normal O2 level in Left ventricle
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98%
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Normal O2 level in aorta
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98%
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What are the 2 nodes that conduct electrical impulses throughout the heart muslces?
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SA node and AV node
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Do the SA Node and AV node send impulses at the same time?
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No, the SA node sets the rhythm of the pulse. AV node sets the rhythm of the contractions. The delay in the AV node allows the atrium to fully drain and the ventricle to become full.
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Name the 3 normal variances sometimes seen in the Rt Atrium.
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Chiari network
crista terminalis Prominent eustachia valve |
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Name the normal varient seen in the RT Ventricle
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Moderator band
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Name the normal varient seen in the Left Ventricle
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False tendon aka ectopic chordae aka chordal web
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Name the normal varient seen in the left atrium
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NONE
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Does the blood flow into the coronary arteries during diastole or systole? Why?
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During diastole. When the base of the aorta is expanded and The blood is trying to get back into the LV but the aortic valves are closed.
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Where do the coronary arteries originate?
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The sinus of valsalva in the aortic root
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Does flow into the atria during systole or diastole? Why?
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Blood flow into the atria is constant so it occurs both at systole and diastole because there is no valves from the IVC, SVC or CS.
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Name and describe the 4 stages of diastole and what the AV valves are doing in each.
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IVRT - End of Systole. AV valves prepare to open
Early diastole - MV opens and 70% of blood is ejected into LV Mid diastole - Partial closure of the MV. 0-10% of blood is ejected Atrial contraction/late diastole - remaining 20-30% of blood is ejected. |
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In m-mode what does the horizontal axis represent?
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Time
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In m-mode what does the vertical axis represent?
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Depth
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In m-mode what does the Z axis represent
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Amplitude or strength of the dot. Brightness indicates fibrous tissue.
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Is velocity indicated in M-mode display?
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No, velocity is not indicated in M-mode
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When is the Aortic valve open?
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Systole
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When is the aortic valve closed?
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Diastole
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When is the mitral valve open?
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Diastole
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When is the mitral valve closed?
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Systole
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When is the left ventrical expanded?
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Diastole
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When does the left ventricle contract?
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Systole
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What two measurements are used to obtain the Ejection Fraction (EF)?
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LV diameter in diastole and in systole.
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What is normal EF?
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55-75%
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When do you measure the Aortic root diameter?
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In end diastole (leading edge to leading edge)
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When do you measure the Aortic valve leaflet seperation?
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Early systole (inner to inner)
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When do you measure the LV diameter
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End of systole. Outer to inner
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Why do you measure the Aortic valve section?
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To check for dilation
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What are the 3 measurement for the Mitral valve in m-mode?
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D to E
E to F EPSS (E to IVS) |
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Why do we measure the mitral valve?
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To check for dilation and prescence of stenosis
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What are the 7 measurements of the LV and when are they measured?
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1) RVID(d)
2) IVS(d) 3) LVID(d) 4) LVPW(d) 5) IVS(s) 6) LVID(s) 7) LVPW(s) |
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Why do we measure the IVS and PW?
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To check for thickness
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Why do we measure RVID and LVID?
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To check for dilation
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The pulmonary artery connects between ______
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The RT Atrium and the lungs
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The pulmonary veins connect between _____
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The lungs and LT Atrium
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Name the 2 papillary muscles of the LV
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Anteriolateral and posteriormedial
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Name the 4 sections of the first part of the aorta
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1) aortis annulus
2) sinus of valsalva 3) sino-tubular junction 4) ascending aorta |
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How many coronary arteries do we have?
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Two
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The RCA supplies what?
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The rt atrium and Rt Ventricle
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The PDA supplies what part of the heart?
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The inferior septum, inferior wall of both ventricles
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The Left Main Coronary artery is divided intow what vessels?
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The LAD and Circumflex
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What part of the heart does the LAD supply?
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The LV anterior wall, the anterior IVS and the Apex of LV
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What part of the heart does the Circumflex supply?
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THe lateral side of the LV (which includes the anterio-lateral or inferio lateral walls also known as posterior walls) and the LT atrium.
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Name the differences between the RT Ventricle and the Left (right side differences)
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-3 Papillary muscles
- ejects to pulmonary valve - triburculation is prominent -triangular shape - normal varient = moderator band |
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Name the differences between Lt Ventricle and Rt Ventricle (Left side differences)
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- Bigger
- wall is 2-3 times thicker - 2 papillary muscles - Apex is formed - Higher O2 level -Higher pressures - Ejects to systemic system - Shape: bullet/eliptical - Normal varient = false tendon aka ectopic chordae aka chordal web |
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Name the 3 layers of the heart wall
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Endocardium
myocardium epicardium |
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Name the 3 cusps of the aortic valve. Which angle are all 3 seen?
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RCC
NCC LCC ** all three seen in short axis at the aortic level |
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Name the 3 brances of the aortic arch
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-Brachiocephalic
- LCCA - L Sub clavian |
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The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from ....
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IVC
SVC CS |
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Name the 4 parts of the IVS according to congenital abnormalities
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Trabecular (muscular)
Membranous/perimembranous Inlet Outlet (aka Subpulmonic/supracristal) |
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What are the components of the AV valves?
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Attached by annulus. located Between atria and ventricles
tricuspid has 3 cusps Mitral has 2 cusps cusps are attached to chordae tendinae which are attached to papillary muscles which are attached to ventricle walls |
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Define Fossa ovalis
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The remenant of the foreman ovalle. A hole between the atria during fetal life to bypass lungs.
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Define Pericardium
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The sac surrounding the heart to protect from surrounding tissue. Acts as a lubricant. Pressure is low to allow heart to expand.
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What is a shunt
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An opening from left to right ventricle
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What unit is pressure measured in?
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mmHg
millimeters of mercury |
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Define Ligamentum arteriosum
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Remenant of ductus arteriosum. The vessel connecting pulmonary artery to aorta in fetal life.
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Define Sinoatrial node.
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SA node is the pacemaker of the heart. it supplies myocardium with electrical impulses. It sets the rhythm of the heart. It is located at the top Rt atrium and sends impulses across the interatrial septum to the LT Atria and to the AV node. Normal rate is 60-90 beats/min
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Describe the conductive system of the heart.
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SA node to AV node (internodal pathway) to the bundle of hiss (located at IVS) down to the LT and RT branches and then into the Pinkumje fibers
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What is the normal rate of the AV node?
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40-60 beats/min
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