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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define social behaviours. |
Interactions with members of one's own species, including mates, offspring, other relatives and unrelated individuals. |
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Define dilution effect. |
The reduced, or diluted, probability of predation to a single animal when it is a group. |
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Define a lek. |
The location of an animal aggregation to put on a display to attract the opposite sex. |
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Define a dominance hierarchy. |
A social ranking among individuals in a group typically determined through contests such as fighting, strength or skill. |
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What are the differences between a donor and a recipient? |
A _______ directs behaviour toward another individual as part of a social interaction whereas a _________ receives the behaviour through the _____ social interaction. |
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Define cooperation. |
When the donor and the recipient of a social behaviour both benefit from an interaction i.e a lion sharing it kill. |
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Define altruism. |
A social interaction that increases recipient fitness and decreases the fitness of the donor. |
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What is the difference between indirect fitness and inclusive fitness? |
_________ is the fitness an individual gains by helping relatives pass on their genes whereas _________ is the sum of direct fitness and indirect fitness. |
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What is the difference between direct and indirect selection? |
__________ selection favours direct fitness while __________ selection favours indirect fitness. |
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What is the formula for indirect fitness? |
Indirect fitness benefit = B x r Where: B = benefit given to a recipient relative. r = coefficient of relatedness between donor and recipient. |
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What are the characteristics of eusocial animals? |
1) Several adults living together in a group. 2) Overlapping generation of parents and offspring living in the same group. 3) Cooperation in nest building and brood care. 4) Reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals and the presence of sterile individuals. i.e naked mole rats |
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Define a caste. |
Individuals within a social group sharing a specialized form of behaviour. |
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Define spatial structure. |
The pattern of density and spacing of individuals in a population. |
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What are the differences between a fundamental niche and a realized niche? |
____________ the range of abiotic conditions under which a species can persist whereas a ___________ is the range of a abiotic and biotic conditions a species can persist. |
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What is ecological niche modelling? |
The process of determining the suitable habitat for a species. |
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What is an ecological enevelope?
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The range of ecological conditions that are predicted to be suitable for a species. |
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Define endemic.
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Species that lives in a single isolated location. |
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Define cosmopolitan. |
Species with very large geographical ranges that can span several continents. |
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Define density. |
The number of individuals per unit area of a population. |
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What are the four types of dispersion? |
-The spacing of individuals with respect to one another within their geographical range. -Clustered is when individuals are aggregated in discrete groups e.g., social groups. -Evenly spaced is when each individual maintains a uniform distance from its neighbours. -Random is when the position of each individual is independent of others. |
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Define dispersal. |
The movement of individuals from one area to another. |
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Define dispersal limitation. |
The absence of a population from a suitable habitat because of barriers to dispersal. |
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What is a habitat corridor? |
A strip of favourable habitat located between two large pieces of habitat that facilitates dispersal. |
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What is ideal free distribution? |
When individuals distribute themselves among different habitats in a way that allows them to have the same per capita benefit. |
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What is the basic metapopulation model? |
A model that describes the scenario in which there are patches of suitable habitat embedded within a matrix of unsuitable habitat, all suitable habitat are assumed to be of equal quality. |
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What is the source sink metapopulation model? |
A population model that accounts for the fact that all patches of suitable habitat are not of equal quality. |
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What are the differences between source subpopulation and sink subpopulation? |
_______ is in high-quality habitats where populations serve as a source of dispersers within metapopulations whereas _____ is in low-quality habitats that rely on outside disperser to maintain populations within a meta population. |
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What is the landscape metapopulation model? |
A population model that considers both differences in the quality of the suitable patches and the quality of the surrounding matrix e.g,. habitat patches. |