Edward Vi

Faction who accepted the break with Rome but wanted some Catholic practices maintained.

Led by Duke of Norfolk (who got Cromwell killed)

Accepted the break with Rome and saw an opportunity to promote a protestant doctrine.

Led by Edward Seymour who would become Duke of Somerset as well as Catherine parr

Aimed to ensure the smooth succession of Edward VI

Executed remaining De La Poles and Earl of Surrey

Made succession secure in Law with an act of parliament in 1543

Named Edward as heir then Mary then Elizabeth

Rejected claims of Heresy directed at Cranmer and Catherine Parr

Reformist and trusted as an advisor to Henry from 1545 onwards

Given a key role in rending to Henry from October 1546 controlling access to him

Stamp of Henry's signature which was officially Henry's but Edward Seymour and Denny had access to it and used it to further their influence and alter Henry's will

Henry degreed a regency council made up of 16 men chosen by Henry would rule on behalf of the young Edward

In the hope that the factions would balance each other out and no one would seize power obvs failed

Ruled on behalf of a minor until they were 18 Henry stipulated for a regency council but ultimately first Somerset then Northumberland became Lord protector

March 1547

Thomas Seymour supported by Earl of Southampton who had been arrested by Somerset attempted to overthrow his brother by trying to marry Elizabeth and bribe king Edward. He plotted with Southampton who denounced him was allowed back into the council whilst Seymour was executed in 1549

About 20%

Prominent leader of the protestant reforms eventually burnt at the stake at the start of Marys reign along with Hugh Latimer and Thomas Cranmer

Reformist Faction dominated the regency council and government, couldn't be ignored

Significant minority of prots in influential areas like London couldn't be ignored

Most people were Catholic and encouraging prots could lead to open rebellion.

Change could annoy powerful European leaders like Charles during a conflict with Scots and France

Somerset was sympathetic to protestant ideas but was more concerned about avoiding conflict

therefore adopting a moderate approach to reform

Cranmer supported his moderate approach

Repealed act of 6 articles and all other Heresy laws towards the end of Henry's reign

Next step after dissolution of monasteries closed small religious houses money gained went towards war against Scotland

English was the new language of worship,previously Latin

Introduction of book of common prayer

Congregations offered both bread and wine previously wine was for priests only

A full protestant church was not created.

Much of the traditional service/ceremony was retained

Priests continued to hold the service and dress in the traditional clothing

Written in English translated largely from Latin.

Transubstantiation

Bread and wine ting

Catholic doctrine proclaiming that the bread and wine consecrated in the eucharist were transformed into the actual body and blood of christ

Full protestant now Henry had six articles and punished some heretics

Book of common prayer

Changes to service bread and wine ting

Dissolution of religious buildings Monasteries > < Chantries

Much of traditional service was maintained

Priests in traditional attire

Defeat the Scots in battle. Build forts in the border areas in southern Scotland garrisoned by soldiers eventually wearing the Scots down

He wanted Edward to marry Mary Queen of Scots therefore making him King of Scotland.

Really really bad after Francis I died in 1547 and the new King wanted to assert himself renewing the traditional Franco-scottish alliance

A fleet of warships containing 4000 troops

Largely a failure Somerset was not decisive enough in leadership. However he inherited a difficult diplomatic and military situation and is not wholly responsible

Forts were expensive to garrison

Failure to capture significant castles such as Edinburgh

Under-estimated cooperation of France and Scotland

Forced to withdraw in 1549 due to rebellions gaining little

Led to inflation and debasement of the Coinage

Potential threat of a French invasion

Added to social distress many were feeling at the time

Agrarian issues (particularly enclosure and harvest failure)

Increased taxation

Inflationary pressures

Fencing off areas of land for private use which was formerly available for public use

Investigated how much enclosure had taken place. Commoners thought this was leading to a reversal of enclosures.

Gentry landowners using the land to breed sheep believed their livelihood would be affected

Exacerbated by new laws raising taxes on sheep and cloth

Criticised by both sides

Rich felt it was an attack on their potential to gain wealth and felt that their role as local law and order was enough to say that the government was disloyal for their service

Poor were frustrated by the lack of action in reversing enclosure

Increased taxes on sheep and cloth sales

Also money had to be raised for expensive wars in Scotland

This forced the sale of Crown Lands and increased borrowing

Thinning the coins of their silver content and putting more out. However they weighed less and lost their value

Prices of basic foods rose but wages stayed the same

Rising population meant greater pressure on food production

There was an increase in vagrants looking for jobs and this stamped down on them

Any able bodied out of work for 3 days sold into slavery for 2 years

Further offences punished with permanent slavery

Children of vagrants taken and put to work as apprentices

1549

Mostly religious grievances known as the prayer book Rebellion

Potential class antagonism between peasants and rural areas

Taxation People hated the new sheep tax and higher taxes

Largely class antagonism

Hatred of local officials and abuse of landowners

Failure of the government to act on the enclosure reforms

Leader of Ketts Rebellion

Significant as he kept the Rebellion well organised similar to Aske and the pilgrimage of grace

Somerset sent Lord Russell to deal with the Western rising and succeeded at the 2nd attempt near Exeter after failing the first time

Earl of Northampton sent but he was defeated by Kett at Norwich

Somerset then sent the Earl of Warwick who brutally suppressed the Rebellion. Kett was convicted of high treason and hanged

The council ordered his arrest as he was incompetent as a leader

1552

There were rumours that Somerset was plotting to seize power in the council after being reinstated as a member. He was charged with treason plotting to assassinate other council members and executed

Earl of Warwick (put down the Kett Rebellion) he would become the Duke of Northumberland

Previously exiled reformers were welcomed back bringing with them their radical beliefs

Northumberland supported those with more radical beliefs such as the regency council

Removed key members of the Conservative Faction such as Bishop Gardiner

It became an offence to question the royal Supremacy or any of the church beliefs

It became illegal for clergy and laity not to attend church service

Fined or Imprisoned

Removed all traces of catholicism and the mass. Signifance of the eucharist reduced

Altars replaced by simple tables

Clergy should not wear vestments

Commissioners sent out to remove all gold and silver plates in churches

King Edward himself pushed for protestantism

Senior clergy such as Cranmer became increasingly radical

Other radical clergy such as Ridley were close allies

Richard Cox Protestant humanist was tutor of Edward.

Other protestants as tutor to Elizabeth

Metrical Psalms

Hugh Latimer theological book

1550 Treaty of Bolougne

Marriage of Edward to Elizabeth daughter of Henry II of France as part of this

£133333 received from France in return of Bolougne

Loss of Bolougne territorial losses were a big deal

Reversal of centuries of English territorial claims

Success

Expensive conflict brought to an end

French military support withdrawn

Failings

Removal of English garrisons from Scotland

Anglo Scottish Borders restored to what they had been before Henry VIII campaigns

Relations with Charles remained poor due to shift towards protestant views

Charles supported Counter reformation against protestants

He reissued coins with the original silver content in 1527

Population rise

Poor harvests

Social unrest/uprisings

Cloth trade with Netherlands suffered problems

Sheep tax repealed in 1550

New treason act in 1550 helped restore law and order

Unpopular enclosure commissions were ended

New poor law passed in 1552 making parishes responsible to help the deserving poor

Trade on the gold Coast of Africa by 1553

Establishment of Muscovy Company by Richard Chancellor

Sebastian Cabot led a company exploring trade routes in America and Asia

Somerset failed to act decisively leading to rebellions and other failures.

Northumberland largely kept support from the Privy Council and order was restored

Edward was close to death and Mary would be crowned Queen. She was committed to catholicism and would reverse all protestant policies and remove protestants from power.

Northumberland tried to alter the succession and place Lady Jane Gray as Queen over Mary

Granddaughter of Mary daughter of Henry VII last possible claimant to the throne

Most people thought God chose the monarch not a usurper

Support for tradition backed Mary

Privy Council weren't committed to the altering of the succession

Support beyond London was limited and Northumberland surrendered after realising this

Improvised until her father the Duke of Suffolk attempted a Rebellion and Mary was forced to execute her