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90 Cards in this Set
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nucleus
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contains all of the DNA in an animal cell
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nuclear envelope/membrane
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double phospholipid layer that surrounds nucleus
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nuclear pores
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holes that perforate the nuclear membrane
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RNA can get out through them, but DNA cannot
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nucleolus
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place within the nucleus where rRNA is transcribed and the ribosome subunits are assembled
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endocytosis
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the way that cells acquire substances from external environment
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phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
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exocytosis
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release of substances from cell to external environment
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endoplasmic reticulum
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membranous walls that separate cytosol from ER lumen
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cytosol
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liquid found inside cells; contains organelles
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ER lumen/cisternal space
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the extracellular side of the ER
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granular/rough ER
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ER near the nucleus that contains ribosomes
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proteins created here go into the ER lumen toward the Golgi
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Golgi apparatus
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series of flattened membrane bound sacs that organizes, changes and concentrates the proteins
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proteins not possessing a signal sequence are expelled from the cell
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secretory vesicles
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protein filled vesicles that are released from the Golgi to mature into lysosomes
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vehicle that supplies cell membrane with its integral proteins and lipids; also membrane expansion
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lysosomes
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fuse with endocytotic vesicles and contain enzymes to break down every major type of macromolecule
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also degrade cytosolic proteins
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agranular/smooth ER
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lacks ribosomes
shares in cholesterol formation and conversion to steroids synthesizes phospholipids oxidizes foreign substances, detoxifies drugs, pesticides, etc |
triglycerides are produced here and stored in fat droplets
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adipocytes
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cells containing fat droplets
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important in energy storage and body temperature regulation
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peroxisomes
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cytosolic vesicles that grow by incorporating lipids and proteins from the cytosol
inactivate toxic substances regulate oxygen concentration role in synthesis and breakdown of lipids metabolism of nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates |
production and breakdown of H2O2
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cytoskeleton
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network of filaments that determines the structure and motility of a cell
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contains microtubules and microfilaments
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microtubules
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rigid hollow tubes made from a protein called tubulin
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used in flagella and cilia
used to make the mitotic spindle |
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microfilaments
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made of protein called actin
contractile force in microvilli and muscle |
squeeze membrane together in phagocytosis and cytokinesis
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axoneme
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major portion of flagella and cilia that contains microtubules in 9+2 arrangement
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flagella
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found in sperm
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made from microtubules
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cilia
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only found in fallopian tubes and respiratory tract
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made from microtubules
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dynein
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protein that creates the cross bridges that connect the outer pairs of microtubules to their neighbors
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centrosome
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microtubule organizing center
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centrioles
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function in production of flagella and cilia
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actin
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protein that forms microfilaments
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cytoplasmic streaming
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flowing of cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
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tight junctions
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watertight seal from cell to cell that blocks ions, water and other molecules from moving around and past cells
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found in epithelial tissue in organs like the bladder, the intestines and the kidney
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desmosomes
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join two cells at a single point on the cytoskeleton
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found in tissues that experience a lot of stress like skin or intestinal epithelium
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gap junctions
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small tunnels connecting cells that allows small molecules and ions to move around
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in cardiac muscle, allow for the action potential to spread from cell to cell
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mitochondria
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energy powerhouses of the cell
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home of the Krebs Cycle
have some of their own DNA that replicates independently from rest in the cell |
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endosymbiont theory
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mitochondria may have evolved from a symbiotic relationship between ancient prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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inner membrane
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inner part of phospholipid bilayer of mitochondria
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holds the electron transport chain
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cristae
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infolding of the inner mitochondrial inner membrane that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP
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mitochondrial matrix
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outer membrane
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outer part of phospholipid bilayer of mitochondria
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intermembrane space
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space between inner and outer membrane
home of oxidative phosphorylation |
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epithelial tissue
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sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities
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separates free body surfaces from their surroundings
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connective tissue
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animal tissue that functions mainly to find and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix
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blood, lymph, bone, cartilage
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neuronal communication
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rapid, direct and specific form of communication
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hormonal communication
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slower, spread throughout the body, affects many cells and tissues differently
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interstitial fluid
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fluid between cells
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paracrine signalling/system
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type of system in which the target is near the signal releasing cell
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uses local mediators to pass signals
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neuron
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highly specialized cell capable of transmitting an electrical signal from one cell to another via electrical or chemical means
basic anatomy: dendrites, cell body, axon |
depends almost entirely on glucose and the efficiency of aerobic respiration for its chemical energy
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dendrites
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short, highly branches processes of a neuron that convey nerves impulses toward the cell body
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axon hillock
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the conical region of a neuron's axon where it joins the cell body
region where nerve signals/action potentials are generated |
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axon
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a typically long extension from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells
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action potential
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a rapid change in membrane potential of an excitable cell caused by stimulus triggered, selective opening and closing of voltage sensitive gate in sodium and potassium ion channels
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resting potential
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the membrane potential characteristic of a nonconducting excitable cell with the inside of the cell more negative than the outside
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voltage gated ion channels
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a specialized ion channel that opens or closes in response to a change in membrane potential
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sodium and potassium are the most important ones
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depolarization
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an electrical state in an excitable cell in which the inside of the cell becomes less negative with regard to the outside of the cell at the resting membrane potential
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repolarization
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when sodium ions start flowing out of the cell making the inner membrane of the cell more negative than the outside
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hyperpolarization
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when the inside of the membrane becomes even more negative than it is at resting potential
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threshold stimulus
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the potential that must be reached for an action potential to be initiated
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synapse
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connection between a synaptic terminal of an axon and a signal receiving (dendrite or cell body) or another neuron of effector cell
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can be chemical or electrical
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electrical synapses
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composed of gap junctions between cells
bidirectional and transmit signals faster than chemical synapses |
very uncommon
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chemical synapse
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unidirectional and involve the release of a chemical neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neruron
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synaptic cleft
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narrow gap between a synaptic terminal of an axon and a signal receiving (dendrite or cell body) or another neuron of effector cell
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brownian motion
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random motion of molecules
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neurotransmitter
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chemical messenger released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to and stimulates the postsynaptic cell
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second messenger system
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a molecule or ion that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein
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myelin
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insulating coat of cell membrane that is interrupted by nodes of Ranvier
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in PNS, produced by Schwann cells
in CNS, produced by oligodendrocytes |
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Schwann cells
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produces myelin in PNS
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white matter
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myelinated axons
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gray matter
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neuronal cell bodies
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nodes of Ranvier
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gaps between myelin where saltatory conduction takes place
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saltatory conduction
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rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelinated sheaths
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sensory neurons
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receives signals from a receptor cell that interacts with its environment and then passes the signal on to other neurons
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afferent and located dorsally (toward back) from spinal cord
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interneurons
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transfers signals from neuron to neuron
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makes up 90% of all neurons in body
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motor neurons
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carries signals to a muscle or gland called the effector
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efferent and located ventrally (toward front/abdomen) from spinal cord
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effector
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muscle or gland that performs the body's response to stimuli
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nerves
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bundle of axons and dendrites tightly wrapped in connective tissue
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central nervous system (CNS)
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function is to integrate nervous signals between sensory and motor neurons
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brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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handles the sensory and motor functions of the nervous system
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everything other than brain and spinal cord
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somatic nervous system
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designed primarily to respond to the external environment
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contains sensory and motor functions
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autonomic nervous system
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motor portion conducts signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
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function is generally involuntary
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sympathetic
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fight or flight
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parasympathetic
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rest and digest
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acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter used by all preganglionic neurons in the ANS and by the postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system
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(nor)epinephrine
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neurotransmitter used by the postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system
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cornea
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transparent frontal part of the sclera which admits light into the vertebrate eye
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lens
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the structure in the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina
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ciliary muscle
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contracts and bring focal point closer to lens (more spherical)
relaxes and focal distance increases from lens (flattens) |
attached to ligaments on the lens
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retina
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innermost layer of the vertebrate eye, containing rods and cones and neurons
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rods
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photoreceptor sensitive to black and white and enables night vision
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cones
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photoreceptor that detects color during the day
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iris
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regulates diameter of pupil and the amount of light entering the vitreous chamber
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pupil
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opening in the colored portion of the eye called the iris
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outer ear
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skin or cartilage commonly referred to as the ear
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middle ear
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tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes
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inner ear
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cochlea, hair cells of the Organ of Corti, semicircular canals
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