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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
types of anterior pituitary hyperfunctions
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prolactinoma, GH hypersecretion (acromegaly, gigantism), cushing's disease
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classic staining of tumor cells for prolactinoma, GH hypersecretion, Cushing's disease
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chromophobic, acidophilic, basophilic
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types of anterior pituitary hypofunctions
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Simmonds disease (generalized panhypopituitarism), single hormone deficiencies
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frequent causes of Simmond's disease (pituitary cachexia)
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pituitary tumors, postpartum pituitary necrosis (sheehan syndrome)
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Sheehan syndrome
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postpartum pituitary necrosis - characteristic of hemorrhage and shock, first you lose gonadotropins, then TSH and ACTH
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symptoms of GH hyposecretion
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dwarfism, hypoglycemia, insulin sensitivity, anemia, decreased muscle strength
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function of oxytocin
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induces uterine contraction and milk ejection from mammary alveoli
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frequent cause of SIADH
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ectopic ADH secreting tumor (ie small cell carcinoma in the lungs)
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symptoms of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas
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headache, hypopituitarism, visual loss, cranial nerve palsy
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craniopharyngioma
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childhood benign tumor, remnats of the Rathke pouch, not a true pituitary tumor, characteristics include nests and cords of squamous or columnar cells in loose stroma (~embryonic tooth bud enamel organ), often cystic, often expands into papillary projections
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Nelson syndrome
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pituitary adenoma due to bilateral adrenectomy
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empty sella syndrome
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hypopituitarism caused by conditions that destroy all or part of the pituitary
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serum T3 and T4 bound to what?
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thyroid-binding globulin (TBG)
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congenital anomalies for thyroid gland
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thyroglossal duct cyst (most common, does NOT lead to alterations in thyroid function); ectopic thyroid tissue
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causes of goiters
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Due to suppression of thyroid hormone production which inhibits negative feedback to TSH.
ie. iodine deficiency, hashimoto's thyroiditis, physiological enlargement (puberty or pregnancy), goitrogens (suppress thyroid hormone production), dyshormonogenesis |
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laboratory abnormalities in hypothyroidism
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decreased serum T4, decreased total T4, increased serum cholesterol, decreased T3 resin uptake
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clinical syndromes of hypothyroidism
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adults - myxedema; children - cretinism
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causes of myxedema
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treatment for hyperthyroidism, hashimoto's thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, idiopathic
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clinical characteristics of myxedema
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cold intolerance, weight gain (low metabolism), lower pitch voice, slowness, constipation, face puffiness, dry skin, hair loss, increase relaxation phase of deep tendon reflexes
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causes of cretinism
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iodine deficiency, failure of thyroid migration from tongue, maldevelopment of thyroid, enzyme deficiencies for thyroid hormone production, transplacental transfer of autoimmune antibodies
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clinical characteristics of cretinism
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mental retardation, dwarfism, large tongue, protuberant abdomen
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clinical features of hyperthyroidism
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restlessness, heat intolerance, tremor, weight loss, muscle wasting, diarrhea, tachycardia/arrhythmias, amenorrhea, *exophthalmos (proptosis due to cross-autoimmunity)
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what is grave's disease?
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hyperthyroidism due to diffuse toxic goiter
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epidemiology of grave's disease
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more common in women than men; incidence is increased in HLA-DR3 and HLA-B8 positive individuals
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mechanism of grave's disease
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thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) reactes with TSH receptors; thyroid growth immunoglobulin stimulates hyperplasia and enlargement
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causes of hyperthyroidism
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grave's disease, plummer disease, pit hyperfunction, struma ovarii, exogenous administration of thyroid hormones
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plummer disease
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combination of hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter, and absence of exophthalmos
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Struma ovarii
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ovarian teratoma made up of thyroid tissue
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Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
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autoimmune disorder with a slow, inapparent course (first euthyroid, then hyperthyroid, then late hypothyroidism) that causes hypothyroidism.
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histological characteristic of hashimoto's thyroiditis
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massive lymphocyte infiltrate with germinal center formation
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