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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what percent of wettable powders are AI? (range)
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5-95%
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what is the most commonly used type of dry formulation?
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wettable powder
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what type of pesticide leaves a powdery residue?
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wettable powder
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guthion is an example of what type of pesticide?
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wettable powder
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what pesticide is mixed with food?
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baits
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what is the percent AI in baits?
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less than 5%
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what is a formulation that is ready to use?
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dusts
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what is the percent AI in dusts?
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0.5-10%
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what type of formulation is designed to fall to the soil via gravity?
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granulars
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diazinon is an example of which formulation?
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granulars
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are soluble powders true solutions in water?
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yes
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orthene 755 is an example of which formulation?
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soluble powder
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which formulations is extremely volatile?
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fumigants
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what did the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) do?
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forbade the presence of harmful residue on food; also required additional coloring
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what sis the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947) do?
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requires all pesticides to register with the USDA and made labels at laws
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what did the Miller Amendment (1954) do?
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set acceptable tolerance
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what did the EPA Establishment (1970) do?
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handed the EPA responsibility for pesticide registration and establishment of tolerances
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what is the Federal Environment Pesticide Control Act (1972) do?
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manditory state pesticide registration, prohibited misuse per the label MADE PESTICIDES LEGAL DOCUMENT
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what did the Food Quality Protection Act (1996) do?
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provided increases 10-fold protection for food consumed by infants and children
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about how many years and dollars does it take to get a pesticide to market?
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8-12 years, 150 million dollars
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what dose 'restricted use' on a label mean?
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more hazardous than usual; requires special permit
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what is the 'statement of practical treatment' on a label for?
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poison control in case of an emergency
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what is the 'pre-harvest interval'?
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the amount of time between last application and harvest
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what is PPE?
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personal protective equiptment
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what is REI?
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restricted entry interval
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what did the Worker Protection Standard (1992) do?
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reduce the risk of workers by requiring pesticide safety training and decontamination locations
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--- = toxicity x exposure
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risk
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what is translaminar movement?
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movement through leaf blade tissue
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what is systemic plant activity?
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movement of one chemical throughout the entire body/plant system
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which direction do systemic chemicals usually travel in a plant?
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up toward apical meristem
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what are a few examples of systemic pesticides?
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neonicotinoids, hormones, OP's, carbamates
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what are biorational insecticides?
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products that are more selective and generally safer to humans and the environment
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what are living pest control agents?
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pathogens
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what are examples of chemical analogues of naturally occuring biochemicals?
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hormone analogues, pheromones
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'conventional reduced risk pestides' result in insect --.
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death
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what is the definition of a biopesticide?
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a pesticide derived from natural materials
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currently, how many AI's and pesticides are EPA approved?
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200, 800
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What do IGR (insect growth regulators) do?
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modify normal hormone processes
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insect growth regulators are often selective down to --
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order
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what does an ecdysone agonist do?
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accelerates molting
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what is a semiochemical?
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a chemical produced by an organism to communicate with other organisms
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what is an example of an intrAspecific semiochemical?
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pheromones
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what is an example of an intErspecific semiochemical?
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allelochemics (bees and flowers etc)
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the main use of semiochemicals is as ---.
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attractants
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what are the three modes of pesticide entry?
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dermal, oral, and inhalation
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what is acute toxicity?
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immediate effects of a single, short-term exposure to the material. often in high concentration
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what is chronic toxicity?
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long-term, delayed effects over repeated exposures in a lifetime. often in low concentration.
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what is ADI?
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acceptable daily intake
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what pesticide tolerances?
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allowable pesticide residue limits in food production
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tolerances are set at 1/--- the NOEL (no observable effects level).
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100
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what does the LD in LD50 mean? the 50?
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lethal dose. 50% of animals killed
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what is the unit of LD50?
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mg/kg or ppm
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the smaller the LD##, the --- the toxicity.
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higher
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what is an example of an organochlorine?
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DDT
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what do organophosphates inhibit?
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cholinesterase
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are organophosphates systematic?
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yes
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are organophosphates widely used?
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no; mammalian toxicity
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what two things do formulations consist of?
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Active Ingredient and inert ingredients
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what are a few benefits of formulations?
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improves effectiveness, storages
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what are 6 examples of additives?
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solvents, dilutants, emulsifiers, surfactants, spreaders, and deodorants
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what is a synergist?
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contributes zero toxicity but interferes with an insect's ability to break down a toxin
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what is a flowable?
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a solid AI mixed with liquid inerts, forming a thick suspension.
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which formulation is a thick suspension?
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flowable
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what is an emulsifiable concentrate?
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AI is disolved into an organic solvent.
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which formulation is dissolved in an organic solvent?
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emulsifiable concentrate
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do emulsifiable liquids require continuous agitation?
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yes
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what is a solution?
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AI dissolves readily in liquid solvent.
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will solutions eventually seperate by hydrolysis?
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yes
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why are solutions generally used only on home gardens?
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they are expensive
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what is an aerosol?
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tiny liquid or solid particles suspended in gas
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what is a disadvantage of aerosols?
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expensive
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where are ultra low volume aerosols used?
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airplane sprays
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what is male confusion?
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the male cannot find the female to mate with due to saturated air w/sex pheromones
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what are few examples of semiochemical repellants?
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DEET and citronella oil used against mosquitoes
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what are three examples of disease microorganisms used as microbial insecticides?
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bacteria, viruses, and fungi
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what are living preparations?
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spores
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are viruses selective?
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yes
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what is the bacteria in Bt?
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bacillus thuringiensis
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what three orders does Bt attack?
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lepidoptera, diptera, and coleoptera
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what does bacillus popillae attack and what does it cause?
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japanese beetles; milky spore disease
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which bacteria causes milky spore disease in japanese beetles?
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bacillus popillae
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what fungi is known as mycotrol or naturalis?
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blauveria bassiana
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what is the gypsy moth virus called?
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gypcheck
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what is an example of a microbial derivative?
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Bt exotoxin
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which bacteria has only been found once in the wild but is used on a wide spread scale for producing spinosad and spinetoram?
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saccharopolyspora
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what is the infamous example of biocontrol?
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the cottony cushion scale in california
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who was the man that thought of natural predators for classical control uses?
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C.V. Riley
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what is bio control?
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the human manipulation of natural enemies and competitors intending to reduce the harm caused by a pest
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what are the three approaches to bio control?
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importation, augmentation, and conservation
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what is importation?
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the permanent adoption of a natural predator to an environment
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what is augmentation?
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the periodic but not permanent implementation of natural enemies in an area
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what is conservation?
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the bettering of a natural enemy's environment
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what are some of the scopes of biocontrol targets?
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insects, nematodes, mollusks, vertebrates, weeds, plant pathogens
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what are some natural enemies in bio control?
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insect predators and parasitoids, nematodes, mollusks, vertebrates, weed herbivours, plants/insect pathogens, and competitors/agonists
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what are three categories of natural predators?
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predators, parasitoids, and pathogens
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which 5 orders are natural enemies?
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arachnids, hemiptera, coleoptera, coccinellidae, neuroptera, and diptera
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all spiders are --.
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predators
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which group of arachnids are very important in bio control?
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predatory mites
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which order is the family athocoridae in?
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hemiptera
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which insects are in hemiptera: anthocoridae?
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pirate bugs
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which order is the family nabidae in?
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hemiptera
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which insects are in hemiptera:nabidae?
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damsel bugs
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what is a crop that damsel bugs are found on?
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alfalfa
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which order is the family pentatomidae in?
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hemiptera
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which insects are in hemiptera:pentatomidae?
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stink bugs
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what is the most important order of predators?
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hymenoptera
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which order is the family carabidae in?
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coleoptera
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which insects are found in coleoptera:carabidae?
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ground beetles
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which ground beetle is used to control gypsy moth?
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calosoma
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which order is the family coccinelidae in?
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coleoptera
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which insects are found in coleoptera:coccinellidae?
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lady beetles
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lady beetles are very important in controlling which pest?
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aphids
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lady beetles are an example of which type of bio control (besides classical)?
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augmentation
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which order is the family chyrsopidae in?
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neuroptera
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which insects are found in neuroptera:chyrsopidae?
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green lacewings
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which order is the family syrphidae found in?
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diptera
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which insects are found in diptera:syrphidae?
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flower flies
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syrphidae or flower flies look similar to --.
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bees
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parasitoids only attack -- host per offspring?
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1
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what order is the family tachinidae found in?
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diptera
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which insects are found in diptera:tachinidae?
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tachinid flies
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which order are parasitic wasps found in?
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hymenoptera
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what is a hyper-parasitoid?
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a parasite that attacks another parasite within a host.
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which order is the family ichneumononidae in?
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hymenoptera
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which order is the family braconidae in?
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hymenoptera
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which order is the family chalcidoidae in?
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hymenoptera (it's a superfamily)
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pathogens include bacteria and --.
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nematodes
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classical biocontrol is also called -- biocontrol.
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importation
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what is classic biocontrol?
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the regulation of a pest by exotic natural enemies that are introduced and permanently established
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what are two organizations that do classic biocontrol?
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USDA and state universities
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what organization regulates classic control?
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USDA
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sometimes -- natural enemies are needed to control a pest, as in the case of alfalfa weevil in the US.
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multiple
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is it difficult to raise natural enemies in a lab?
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yes
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what percent of classical predators have established themselves?
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25%
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what percent of classical predator establishments have resulted in substantial to complete control?
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50%
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what is also known as the "biological insecticide approach"?
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augmentation biological control
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what is augmentation biocontrol?
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periodic introduction of natural enemies to temporarily reduce pest populations
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what department regulates augmentation biocontrol?
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USDA
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what is a regulation on augmentation biocontrol concerning the species used in treatments?
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they must be native to the US
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what type of control is based on the idea that natural enemies may not survive on their own?
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augmentation biocontrol
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what is an example of augmentation biocontrol in a greenhouse?
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predatory mites on spider mites, parasitoids of white flies, and predators of aphids
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what is an example of augmentation control on filth flies?
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chalcidoid parasitoids; require manure management
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what is conservation biocontrol?
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directed actions for protecting and maintaining natural enemies
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what are two methods of cultural biological control?
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reduction of human impacts such as pesticides, and provision of required resources such as habitat management.
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what is an example of conservation biocontrol in grapes?
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planting blackberries and plums in the area so that the leaf hopper's natural enemies can survive.
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overwintering sites are considered what type of biocontrol?
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conservation biocontrol
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what is grape phylloxera?
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leaf galls (bumps) and root galls; grafting american roots stocks saved the french grapes.
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what is host plant resistance?
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heritable property that enables a plant to avoid, tolerate, or recover from injury
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who is the father of host plant resistance?
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reginald painter
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what are the three functional catergories of host plant resistance?
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antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance
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what is antixenosis?
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plant repels insects or reduces attractiveness of the the host plant
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what is an example of antixenosis?
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cucurbitacins and the cucumber beetle
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what is antibiosis?
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impairs insect metabolic processes and causes death at times
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what is tolerance?
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plants tolerating an attack resulting in satisfactory yields
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what is an example of plant tolerance?
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western corn rootworm causes corn plant to grow a better root system
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what are three ways that biotechnology is used in IPM?
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engineering pest pathogens, transgenic pests/natural enemies, and transgenic plants with resistance
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what are two names for the proteins that make Bt effective?
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cry or crystalline
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what is an "event"?
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when a gene is inserted into a plant
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what type of potato is resistant to colorado potato beetle?
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newleaf
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what are two methods of biotechnology?
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gene gun and agrobacterium
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what are 3 issues with GMO's?
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safety, grower acceptance, and stability of technology
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what is cultural control?
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reducing pest damage by manipulating existing farm factors/practices
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what is a problem with cultural controls?
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there are many tradeoffs such as a shorter growing season
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what are four types of cultural control?
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reducing favorability of ecosystem, disrupting the continuity of requisites, diver pest away from crops, and reducing the impact of injury
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what are several ways to reduce the favorability of an ecosystem?
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sanitation, elimination of alternate hosts and habitats, and irrigation and water management such as flooding
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what are a few ways to disrupt the continuity of requisites?
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strip cropping, crop rotation, fallowing, changing planting dates
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what is a way to divert pests away from crops?
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trap cropping
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what is a way to reduce the impact of injury?
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drought stress tolerance, modify harvest schedule
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cultural control of pest require knowledge and -- thinking.
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imaginative
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what is EIL?
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economic injury level
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what is ET?
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economic threshold
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what are the two primary economic determinants of economic injury levels?
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market value of commodity and costs of pest management
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what are the two primary biological determinants of economic injury levels?
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degree of injury per insect and damage resulting from injury
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ET is always greater than/less than EIL.
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less than
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what happens in pest resurgence?
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natural enemy is killed so pest thrives
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what are two causes of pest upsets?
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reduction of natural enemies and favorable impact of pesticide on the pest (such as stimulating reproduction)
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resistance occurs ---.
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naturally
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how many resistant species of insects and mites are there?
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500+
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what percent of diptera is pesticide resistant?
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35%
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what are three types mechansisms of resistance?
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biochemical, physiological, and behaviorial
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what is cross resistance?
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exposure to one pesticide results in resistance to that one and others (without exposure to others).
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how can insecticide resistance management be delayed?
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reducing selective pressure such as by using less insecticides
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organophosphates are --- inhibitors.
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chlorinesterase
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organophosphates are phased out due to high --- toxicity.
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mammalian
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what is an example of an organophosphate?
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parathion
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carbamates are -- inhibitors.
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chlorinesterase
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what is an example of a carbamate?
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Temik
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what is the most heavily used group of pesticides?
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synthetic pyrethroids
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synthetic pyrethroids have --- knockdown.
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rapids
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what is an example of a synthetic pyrethroid?
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ambush
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what insecticide is thought to cause colonal collapse such as in bees?
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nicotinoids
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what is an example of a nicotinoid?
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admire
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which insecticides have the active ingredient pyrethrins?
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pyrethrum
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which insecticide used black leaf 40?
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nicotine
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which insecticide is from the root of Derris and may have implications on parkinson's disease and is also a fish poison?
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rotenone
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which insecticide is IGR and has anit-feeding/repellant qualities?
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neem (azadirachtin)
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fumigants use which types of gases?
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halogens
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which type of insecticide has phytoxicity problems?
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oils and soaps
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what are a few heavy metals used as insecticides?
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arsenic, mercury, zinc, thallium
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what are a few non-metals used as insecticides?
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sulfur, boron, fluorine
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