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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atoms with a different number of ______ in their nuclei are different elements.
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protons
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Atoms with _____ protons than electrons are negatively charged (anions).
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fewer
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______ is very hard and translucent. _____ is dark, soft & flaky. ______ ______ ______ explain why these two minerals have different crystal forms & physical properties even though they are both made solely of ______.
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Diamond, graphite, internal atomic structures, carbon
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SiO2 =
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1 atom of silicon per 2 atoms of oxygen
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SiO2 compound is called ______.
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Silica
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The two most abundant elements in the crust are ____ & ____ which form _____.
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Silicon, oxygen, quartz
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Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis is the longest word in the English language and =
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Silicosis
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Feldspars are _____ minerals.
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silicate
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The two most common types of feldspars are potassium feldspar _______ which has several types and _______.
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orthoclase and plagioclase
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Mineral changes at the surface that involve chemical reactions.
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Chemical weathering
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A key chemical weathering process is called _______.
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Hydrolysis
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_______ is the reaction of water with minerals to form new minerals that have water in their atomic structure
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Hydrolysis
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Another type of chemical weathering is _______ which takes place when original constituent atoms can be dissolved and removed.
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dissolution
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Silicate minerals that contain iron and magnesium in their structures
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Ferromagnesian minerals
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_____ and ______ are both ferromagnesian minerals.
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Olivine and pyroxene
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______ are elongated prismatic crystals that parallel the ______ in composition except for the water in their atmospheric structue.
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Amphiboles, proxenes
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_______ is a common amphibole.
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Horneblend
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Both ____ and ____ and ______ bearing amphibole are moderately dense materials.
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biotite, iron, magnesium
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Accumulations of _____ on the seafloor eventually become a rock called limestone.
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calcium
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The ___ _____ shows how classes of rocks are _____, how they are _____ in the continental crust and how they are _______ into one another.
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rock cycle, created, related, transformed
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Rocks that form magma are called ______ _____.
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igneous rocks
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_____ _____ rocks are cooled below the earths surface.
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Intrusive igneous
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Magma rich in silicon (called ____ ____) will form light colored rocks.
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felsic magma
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Magma rich in iron and magnesium (called ____ ____) will form dark colored rocks.
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matic magma
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_____ _____ breaks rocks into smaller and smaller pieces, principally through the action of _____ _____.
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Physical weathering, freezing water
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_____ weathering processes such as mineral ____, _____ and _____ break down and change minerals and help to "disaggregate" rocks.
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Chemical, hydrolysis, oxidation, dissolution
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Sediments are classified according to ____ ____; gravel, sand, etc. refer to a "___" and not a particular material.
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grain size, size
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_____ _____ form chemical sedements in oceans.
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Carbonate minerals
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The most common chemical sedement is _____ ______, the mineral _____ (CaCO3).
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calcium carbonate, calcite
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Where calcite is buried and litified it becomes ______.
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limestone
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The two most typical metamorphic rocks are _____ and _____.
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schist and gneiss
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Flaky mica minerals oriented parallel to one another (like fish scales) =
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Schist
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_____ is a two-dimentional sheeted structure in rocks.
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Foliation
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______ is a general term for rock material that is used for construction. It includes sand, gravel and crusted or broken stone.
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Aggregate
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The environmental problems associated with aggregate mining: the _____ _____ produced by quarrying, the ____ and ____ that may accompany mining operations and _____ and _____ concerns that may accompany transporting materials from mines to the sites where it is used.
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physical disturbances, dust and noise, congestion and safety
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The point underground where the rock first ruptures is called the ______ ____.
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earthquakes focus
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The point on the earth's surface directly above the focus is the ________.
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epicenter
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Transform plate boundaries cause many large earthquakes. A well known example is the ___ ____ ____ ____.
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San Andres Fault Zone
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The pulling apart, or extension, of the ______, and normal faulting along these ____-divergent plate boundaries causes many shallow, small to moderate size earthquakes at divergent plate boundaries.
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lithosphere, oceanic
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1811-1812 strong earthquakes hit the town of ___ ___, __ on Dec. 16, 1811. Seismic waves made the ground crack and roll like a stormy ocean. Crust buckled and changes in the land surface caused _____ and permanent changes in the ______ river.
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New Madrid, MO, flooding, Mississippi
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Author of the Elastic Rebound Theory
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Henry Fielding Reid
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The Elastic Rebound Theory emerged in response to
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Great 1906 San Franscisco earthquake
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What does the Elastic Rebound Theory state?
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Before an earthquake occurs, rocks are increasingly bent and deformed (elastic strain). At some point, the rocks can't bend any further and suddenly break, most of the time bending on a pre-existing fault. The rocks on either side of the fault unbend as they snap to a new position (elastic rebound) causing the vibrations we experience as an earthquake. Movement displaces rocks on the opposite sides of the fault from their original position and the cycle starts over again.
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When rocks on either side of a fault unbend as they snap to a new position
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Elastic rebound
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Occurs when rocks are increasingly bent and deformed
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Elastic strain
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_____ ____ (or _-___) travel through the earths body or interior and are compressional and alternatively push and pull (compress and expand) along their direction of travel.
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Primary wave, P-waves
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_____ waves cause the most damage during an earthquake.
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Surface
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_______ measure ground motion caused by passing seismic waves; record ____ as well as ______.
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Seismometers, verticle, horizontal
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_________ trace a permanent record of the ground motion in the form of a squiggly line on a rotating paper drum
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Seismographs
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"_____ _____" horizontal ground motion accelerations that are even more likely to damage buildings
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Base shear
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______ tells us the overall size of an earthquake.
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Magnitude
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The degree of shaking or its effects at a particular location is known as the _______.
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intensity
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Intensity is measured in terms of _____ and ______.
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People, structures
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The Modified ______ Scale ranks intensity on a 12 pt scale expressed as roman numerals.
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Mercalli
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____ or more seisometers gives the location of the epicenter.
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Three
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Loose, unconsolidated surface materials on bedrock can be a significant factor on amplifying ground shaking. These materials commonly soft _____ or _____ act somewhat like a hunk of jello sitting on a table.
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sediment, soil
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Unconsolidated surface materials such as ____ and ____ sediments are subject to liquification if they are poorly drained and saturated with water. Seismic waves that vigoriously vibrate the sedement can cause it to lose it's ________. When shaking stops, the ground becomes firm again.
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silty, sandy, cohesiveness
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After an earthquake, the first thing you do is ____ ____ ____ _____!
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turn off the gas
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Any segment of the fault that has not ruptured recently in comparison to neighboring segments is said to be a _____ ___.
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Seismic gap
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Seismic gaps represent a segment that hasn't moved for a long time and is locked into place, but _____ ____ builds up and finally snaps resulting in a disasterous earthquake.
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elastic strain
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For a prediction to be considered valid, one must specify with high accuracy the following three items:
1. _____ 2. _____ (the richter magnitude) 3. _____ |
Place, Size, Time
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Damage due to ______ forces can be mitigated by bolting frame houses to their foundations and by _____ walls.
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shearing, shear
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An example of a ______ wall is a plywood sheeting nailed to a wooden frame.
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shear
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Late Precambrian - incipient _____ is the formation of triple junctions and aulagogens 600 million years ago.
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rifting
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Over hundreds of thousands of years _____ volcanos become enormous.
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sheild
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_____ consists of five, younger, overlapping shield volcanoes.
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Hawaii
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When ____ erupts onto the surface it is called _____.
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magma, lava
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_____ is much less dense, and therefore lighter, than the solid rock of its surroundings.
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Magma
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Viscosity is the "______" of the magma.
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stickiness
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Smithsonian Institution keeps track of volcanos that have been active within the last ______ years.
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10,000
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The most recent really big caldera forming eruption in the United States was in the area of ______ ______ ____
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Yellowstone National Park
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Two rules to remember when an eruption occurs:
1. Do not run ____ ___ or _____ ___ (air will be sucked out, ash will be brought in) 2. Do not let ____ get ____ or _____ them if they're covered in volcanic ash (water activates acids in the volcanic ash and may cause severe acid burns) |
exhaust fans, clothes dryer
pets, wet, bathe |
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_____ _____ are wide and gently sloping, similar shape to an upturned warrior's shield.
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Shield volcanos
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Lava can flow long distances through underground ____ _____.
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lava tubes
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Mafic flow fills in low areas and valleys and gradually stack up over many thousands of years to form thick accumulations of _____ _____. It does not build great mounds like ____ _____, but the magma erupted can be tremendous.
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flood basalt, shield volcanos
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____ ____ are a common volcanic feature where mafic magma erupts.
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Cinder cones
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___________ take the shape of towering, steep-sloped, and frequently symmetrical mountains.
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Stratovolcanoes.
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Volcanic materials erupted into the atmosphere are called ________.
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pyroclastics
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Pyroclastics consists of various size fragments of ash, glassy frozen magma, cinders, rock and ______.
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pumice
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_______ are large, circular-to-oblong depressions that form when magma chambers erupt their contents and the volcanic mountain above them collapses into the empty _____ ______.
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Calderas, magma chambers
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Calderas: the _____ the eruption, the _____ frequently they occur.
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larger, less
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What does the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) do?
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Compares one eruption to another and assigns an index 0-8 when comparing volume of material ejected, heigh of eruption column, style of eruption and how long it lasted.
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What are some benefits of volcanos?
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mining for construction materials, scenery, springs and geysers, electricity and fertile soil.
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____ ____ are places where voluminous mantle material rises and melts to form mafic magma.
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Hot spots
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_______ ____ is one of the most deadly features of stratavolcanoes. It consists of hot gases, ash and other solid debris that cascades down the flanks of the volcano up to ____ miles per hour.
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Pyroclastic flows, 100
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