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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nominal
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unordered categories
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Ordinal
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ordered amounts, rankings, likert
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Interval
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equidistant amts with no absolute zero point; (can add/subtract values but not multiply/divide)
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Ratio
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equidistant amts with absolute zero point; (can add/subtract/multiply/divide)
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Frequency distribution
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# cases within a given category or score range
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Variance
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the standard deviation squared (squared differences of each observation from the mean)
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Std Deviation
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square root of the variance; can be used to calculate the % of scores that will fall within a given range or at/below a given cutoff
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Skewed distribution: Positvely skewed: most scores are in the low range (hard test) Negatively skewed: most scores are in the high range (easy test)
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Positive: running a mile in 5 minutes Negative: Walking a mile in 1 hour
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linear transformation
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converting a raw score to a std score does not change the distribution shape (curve)
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nonlinear transformation
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changes the distribution's shape when raw scores are converted
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Stanine
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divides the distribution into 9 intervals (mean=5, sd=2)
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Percentile
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% total scores falling below the given score
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Statistic vs. parameter
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Statistic=sample value Parameter=pop.value
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Sampling error
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inaccuracy in estimating the pop mean from a sample mean
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Std error of the mean
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the expected deviation bt the sample mean and the true pop. mean.
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True Experimental
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Random assignment to groups that receive differential levels of a manipulated variable; looking for causality. Greatest internal validity.
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Quasi-Experiment
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Assignment is not random but group variables are still manipulated; looking for causality
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Correlational
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Measures the degree of relationship between 2+ variables for the same group. Variables are not manipulated, no causal relationship assumed. Goal is to use 1 variable to predict status on a 2nd variable.
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Developmental
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Longitudinal, cross-sectional, cross-sequential (Ss of different age groups are studied over a short period of time); Correlational over time; no causal relationship.
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Time-Series Interrupted Time Series
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DV is measures several times at regular intervals, both before and after a tx. Often involves only 1 grp and 1 tx (controlling for threats to internal validity, except history); type of Quasi-Experimental design, uses a time-series analysis
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Single Subject
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1 Subject, at least 1 baseline and 1 tx phase. DV is measured several times during both phases: AB, reversal (ABAB) and multiple baselines (ABC)
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Qualitative (Descriptive)
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Data collection to arrive at a theory of "how things are."
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Scientific research
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Data collection to test an existing theory
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Factorial experimental design
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Every level of each IV is compared with every level of all other IVs
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Latin Square
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experimental design in which groups receive txs in every different order
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Solomon Four-Group
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Experimental design to reduce re-retest problems; four comparison groups are used
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