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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define neuron |
basic building blocks of the nervous system - the body's wiring through which messages are transmitted within the nervous system |
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parts of the neuron |
dendrites - receive messages (neurotransmitters) cell body (soma) - contains the nucleus & carries out the cell's metabolic functions axon - tubelike part carries messages away from the soma terminal buttons - neurotransmitters are dispatched from here into the synapse |
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How neurons communicate |
neurotransmitters released from axon carry messages across the synapse link into receptor sites, docking stations, which receive the neurotransmitters |
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resting and action potential |
resting neuron is negatively charged surrounded by positive ions. When there is a change in the charge it fires, spikes, and sends off a message using the positive ions that entered. |
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refractory period |
recovery after a spike when positive ion are using to balance back to normal and enter resting waiting for next |
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dopamine |
neurotransmitter - controls muscle contractions & involve learning, memory & emotions |
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seratonin |
plays a key roles in regulation of mood states, feelings of satiety or fullness after a meal, sleep, and processes that curb impulsive behaviors |
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GABA |
helps regulate nervous system activity by preventing neurons from overly exciting their neighbors |
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glutamate |
maintains states of arousal in the central nervous system & it is also involved in hearing |
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endorphins |
help deaden pain & produce feelings of pleasure or well-being |
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antagonists vs agonist |
ant - block the actions of neurotransmitters by occupying the receptor sites where they dock agon - increase the availability or effectiveness of neurotransmitters or mimic their actions |
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three types of neurons |
sensory, motor, interneurons |
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organization of nervous system |
central - brain and spinal cord peripheral - nerves that link the central to sensory organs, glands, muscles see pg. 50 |
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function of central nervous system |
a master control system that regulates everything in your body heart beats, eye movement, higher mental processes (thinking & reasoning) |
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purpose of peripheral nervous system |
a constant flow of info received from internal organs & sensory receptors, and the ability to convey info to the muscles & glands that the central nervous system controls |
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somatic vs autonomic nervous systems |
in the PNC som - transmits msgs (sensory & motor neurons) from CNS to sensory organs & muscles and regulates subtle movements that maintain posture & balanace auto - controls heartbeat, respiration, digestion& dilation (automatic) 2 parts: sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system |
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sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system |
sym - speeds up bodily processes & draws energy from stored reserves (alarm system) para - fosters bodily processes, such as digestion that replenish stores of energy, slows down heart rate (used when relaxing or digesting a meal. |
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hindbrain (lowest part) |
purpose - controls basic life-support functions as breathing & heart rate medulla - heartrate & breathing, swallowing, coughing & sneezing (brain stem & marrow) pons - nerve fibers that conduct info from cord to lower parts to mid and fore, regulates states of wakefulness & sleep cerebellum - controls balance & coordination, injury can lead to difficulties in initiating voluntary movements such as lifting arm |
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midbrain (brainstem) |
control automatic movements of the eye muscles eyes to stay focused when head moves, contains nerve pathways that connect hind to fore, reticular formation weblike network of neurons from hind through mid into fore - regulates states of attention, alertness, & arousal, screens visual & auditory info filtering irrelevant info but allowing important info to reach the higher processing even when asleep |
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Forebrain (largest) |
higher mental functions - thinking, problem solving, use of language, planning & memory thalamus - hypothalamus - limbic system - cerebral cortex - |
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thalamus |
relay station in middle pair of eggs, route info from sense receptors for touch, vision, hearing, & taste (not smell) to processing center in cerebral cortex, regulates states of sleep & wakefulness, input from basal ganglia ( cluster of nerves regulates voluntary movement - walking & use of hands |
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hypothalamus |
regulates bodily functions - hunger, thirst, daily sleep cycles, body temp, response to stress, reproductive processes, emotional states & aggression (endocrine system releases hormones) |
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limbic system |
interconnected structures (amygdala - triggers emotional response of fear, hippocampus - formation of new memories, parts of the thalamus & hypothalamus) memory & emotional processing |
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cerebral cortex ( upper part of fore) |
ability to think, use language, calculate, organize & create, thin outer layer of cerebrum ( right & left hemi.), 1/8" thick but 80% of mass, only so large in humans, also states of motivation & emotional arousal |
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corpus callosum |
connects the hemi. to share and communicate info |
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subcortical structures |
lie below the cerebral cortex |
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4 parts (lobes) of hemisphere |
occipital, parietal, frontal & temporal |
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occipital lobe |
back of head, process visual info (recognize objects & faces) |
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Parietal lobes |
sides, front is matosensory cortex - processes sensory from skin - touch, pressure, temp & pain & from muscles or joints |
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frontal lobe (executive center) |
makes you "you", memories to make decisions, solve problems, make decisions, plan actions, weigh evidence, & carry out coordinated actions, processing mental states (happiness & sadness) |
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motor cortex |
controls voluntary movements of specific parts of the, similar to somatosensory cortex - mirror neurons - imitation |
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temporal lobes |
above ears, process & receive info from ears |