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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Exceptions to absolutes must meet what fundamental criteria?
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C on the test
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Be able to identify an example of a moral proposition
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It contains value judgments as to the morality of human actions or character
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Who was the great exponent of physical determinism?
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Sir Isaac Newton
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What does the theory of emotivism state?
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Moral propositions have no bases or fact
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What is the problem with “getting an ought from an is?”
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It turns an empirical proposition into a moral one
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Determinism means the same thing as
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universal causation
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Who was the great exponent of economic and social determinism?
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Karl Marx
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If you contend that all events are fixed and beyond human control you are a
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fatalist
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That similar moral principles exist in all societies is supported by which theoretical viewpoint?
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Cultural absolutism
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Relativists hold that morals are relative to what?
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Specific cultures, groups, or even individuals
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What is the greatest problem in the absolutism/relativism debate?
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is how to introduce stability
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Who argued that humans are physical beings conditioned by their social, cultural and natural environments?
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B.F. Skinner
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All events are caused, but some are caused by human beings is the doctrine of which theoretical viewpoint?
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Soft Determinism
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is the belief that there is freedom and chance in the world, especially when we look at human deliberation.
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Indeterminism
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The theory of deterrence is a
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utilitarian (result)
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What theoretical viewpoint argues that offenders should be punished only if they deserve it and not for any consequences that may come of it?
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Retributive (deserts) theory
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As an ___ you would allocate rewards and punishments based on results.
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utilitarian
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As an egalitarian, how would you distribute rewards?
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One would distributive rewards equally among people, regardless of their merits, abilities, needs, or what they produce
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Which theoretical viewpoint thinks of punishment in terms of use rather than justice?
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Utilitarian or results theory
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What is the term that means values are comparative to time, place, persons, situations, etc?
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Cultural Relativism
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What type of proposition that is true by evidence of the senses; a state of affairs that occurs in the external world?
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Empirical proposition
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What is the argument that presents difficulties for all the theories of punishment?
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hard to determine; hard to utilize
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According to Thiroux, the basic assumptions or premises of morality ought to include some reference to what?
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Emotion
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According to Thiroux, to be applicable morals should be capable of being what?
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Promulgated
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According to Thiroux, a moral system needs to deal consistently with what?
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Must have universality particularity (logically consistent)
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What type of proposition is true by definition of terms?
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Analytic Propositions
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What is the term that means variously perfect, complete, and certain?
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Absolute
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Who argued that species evolve through “selection” of the “fittest?”
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Charles Darwin
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Because everyone is different people must have some leeway to deal with these differences in a way that best suits them. This is Thiroux’s principle of
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Individual Freedom
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Restitution theories believe that when a crime is committed, the victim
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should be provided with restitution for the crimes committed against them
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What type of proposition asserts that something is true by experience; it is of our internal states?
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Internal sense propositions
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“An eye for an eye” fits with a _ theory of punishment?
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retributive or deserts
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In what ways can “rewards” be distributed?
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a. As equally among people as possible
b. According to people’s ability c. According to what they deserve or merit d. According to their needs |
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Who argued that world history is a manifestation of an “absolute mind” realizing itself; that character and action are determined by culture?
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George W. F. Hegel
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Thiroux’s system of five principles allows for diversity and variety in the context of stability and rationality, and is known as
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Humanitarian Ethics
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